Ella Enchanted Gender Movie Review

Ella Enchanted is a 2004 British-American film based on Gail Carson Levine's 1997  novel Ella Enchanted. The book itself is based upon Cinderella but now with the addition of mythical creatures like ogres, elves, and fairies. It has been said by critics that Ella Enchanted, the movie, varies so much from the book that people should be â€Å"regarding the movie as a separate creative act. † The movie follows Ella who was given â€Å"the gift of obedience† by her fairy god mother as a child.She spends most of the movie being controlled by various characters, from her step-sisters to the king of the kingdom. The main plot point of the novel is her journey to get the spell reversed which in the end she releases herself from the spell and then helps the prince. Anne Hathaway plays Ella and Hugh Dancy plays Prince Charmont, who end up getting married. For how terrible this movie was, they did well with what they had to work with.This movie aims for  Princess Bride  self -awareness and the kind of anachronistic comedy lately popularized by the  Shrek  movies  but rooted in the British stage â€Å"panto† tradition. There were cheesy dance numbers and a couple oddly placed outbursts of song, despite the fact that this isn’t a musical. Or at least it wasn’t for most of the production. Anne and Hugh had great chemistry, which was essential because they end up getting married in the end after they fall in love after a disgustingly short amount of time. Both had what their specific role called for and a good comedic timing.Anne has the child-like purity but also the confidence and smarts of a mature young woman that was needed to play a 19-year old where Hugh had the charisma, looks and intelligence to be the believable heir to a kingdom. The actual film itself was horrendous. The use of green screens and special effects to create the setting and the creatures like giants and ogres were trivial and very primary. Elves are just J ewish guys in green tights. Giants are normal people (some of them in mini-skirts) projected up on a green screen behind the primary actors.Ogres are fat guys with blue spray paint on their heads. They tried to make this fairy tale more relatable to modern times by changing the wardrobe from actual medieval wear to tacky 70s rip offs for the ladies and cartoon-ish attire for the men. Incorporating modern technology into this movie didn’t help it any either. With a crank-powered wooden escalator to an emergency button that dropped ninjas from the roof (that resembles the likes of a fire alarm), it was tacky and confusing. Though,  Ella Enchanted  avoids a misstep common mong girl-empowerment flicks, which often feel compelled to emasculate the male lead in order to make the heroine truly heroic. This approach backfires, of course, since it’s unsatisfying for the heroine to wind up with a wimp who doesn’t deserve her; she needs a  worthy  suitor. The film satirizes the teen-idol-worship culture of its own target audience with scenes of screaming maidens swooning over dashing Prince Char, while the more sensible Ella protests injustices committed by Char’s nefarious uncle.Of course Char is intrigued by Ella’s lack of interest in him, and she in turn begins to respond to his attentions. Ella is meant to be seen as a feminist-like character that cares about equal rights and disinterested in appealing to the prince with her appearance or actions, which is pretty cool to see in a children’s film. Seeing how the book is based on Cinderella, I think it’s quite an improvement in role models. Cinderella was just obedient and cried a lot but Ella works to fix her issues determinedly.

Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana

Pros and Cons Of Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a very common street and recreational drug that comes from the marijuana plant. The plant that produces marijuana, as is well known, is the hemp plant cannabis sativa. The pharmacologically active ingredient in marijuana is tetra-hydro-cannabinol. Marijuana is used to heighten perception, affect mood and relax. It is estimated that about thirty percent of adults in the U. S. use marijuana. Many people think marijuana is harmless. It is not. Signs of marijuana use include red eyes, lethargy and uncoordinated body movements. The long-term effects may include decrease in motivation and harmful effects on the brain, heart, lung and reproductive system. People who smoke marijuana are more likely to develop cancer of the head and neck. The more often a person smokes marijuana and the longer they continue to smoke it, the greater is their chance of developing cancer in places such as the mouth, tongue, larynx or pharynx. A number of movements to legalize the use of marijuana have been gaining steam lately. There are places in California where it's already legal for medicinal purposes. Much of the American public now believes that the drug should be legalized but others are still concerned about health damage and other adverse affects. The argument whether to legalize the drug marijuana has Been going on for years. Many different pros and cons come with the drug marijuana. Legalizing marijuana is an important legal battle for several reasons. First, decriminalizing marijuana would make it readily available to individuals that need it, in safe and healthy way. Cancer patients, AIDS sufferers and many other patients must now obtain marijuana illegally in most states. The objections of the federal government to legalizing marijuana have almost nothing to do with how much harm it may or may not cause–it is a matter of pharmaceutical companies resisting legalization because it will be difficult for them to profit from the legal use of marijuana. Some of the chemical components that make up marijuana have been isolated and made into pill form through government-sponsored research, which directly contradicts the current legal view of marijuana. In fact, the former Surgeon General of the United States Jocelyn Elders asserted that overwhelming evidence exists that marijuana can relieve certain symptoms of ain, nausea and vomiting. (balanced politics. com). There are many pros for legalizing marijuana. Legalizing marijuana has many positive aspects, including increased tax revenue through the legal sale of marijuana. There is also the matter of the medical benefits of marijuana to those with illnesses that limit range of motion or induce nausea an d pain. (marijuana today. com). One of the most common arguments for legalizing marijuana is for medical benefits. Particularly health benefits for people who suffer from illnesses such as depression, cancer, glaucoma and even AIDS. Marijuana has been proven helpful for inducing appetite and combating nausea. Furthermore, marijuana has also proven beneficial for increasing the range of motion for those suffering from multiple sclerosis. As an illegal substance, many who suffer from debilitating illnesses would be arrested or imprisoned for simply seeking relief from their ailments. (marijuana today. com). The studies of the harmfulness of marijuana are inconclusive and contradictory. Most doctors would agree that it's not very harmful if used in moderation. (marijuanatoday. com). It’s only when you abuse the drug that problems start to occur. But isn't abuse of almost any bad substance a problem? If you abuse alcohol, caffeine, cigarettes, or even pizza, health problems are sure to follow. Would you want the government limiting how much coffee you can drink or how much cheesecake you take in? Some medical examples that marijuana helps is chemotherapy for cancer. Chemotherapy often causes extreme nausea and vomiting. An active ingredient of marijuana is THC which often reduces vomiting and nausea. Marijuana usually lowers pretreatment anxiety as well. Another illness marijuana helps with is AIDS. AIDS usually causes low appetite, loss of lean muscle. Marijuana improves appetite. Pain and muscle spasms associated with epilepsy and multiple sclerosis can be less occurring with the use or marijuana. Marijuana may ease incontinence of bladder and bowel and relive depression. Lastly the disease Glaucoma is a progressive form of blindness due to increased pressure inside the eyeball. When marijuana is smoked it may reduce pressure within the eye. Another positive aspect for legalizing the use of marijuana is it would significantly decrease the number of marijuana-related arrests and imprisonments in the United States. Police and court resources would be freed up for more serious crimes. More than 200,000 individuals are incarcerated each year for marijuana possession, as part of the U. S. government's War on Drugs. Decriminalizing marijuana would also eliminate much of the crime associated with the illegal sale and trafficking of marijuana. Moreover, several states allow legal use of marijuana when prescribed by a physician, yet thousands of dispensary owners and patients are arrested every year by the federal government. Legalizing marijuana could bring in more revenue for states, as well as help individuals receive care who may be unable to receive it otherwise. (marijuana today. com). If marijuana was legalized the cost on prosecuting offenders would decrease dramatically. Many consider the War on Drugs an expensive failure. Resources for DEA, FBI, and border security are only the tip of the iceberg. You must add in the cost of police officers, judges, public defenders, prosecutors, juries, court reporters, prison guards, and so on. Legalization of marijuana would free up those people to concentrate on more important things like terrorism, harder drugs, rape, murder, and so on. In addition, an already overloaded civil court docket would be improved; and, the wait time for other legitimate court cases would be reduced. Border agents, TSA staff, drug-sniffing dogs, and scanners are some of the resources that are being directed to drug law enforcement. When these resources are focused on drugs, less time & energy is devoted to protecting against terrorism and the closing of our borders. For example, dogs are trained to sniff for drugs rather than bombs. (marijanatodaypros. com). Another pro of legalizing marijuana is that the government could regulate the quality and safety of drugs. Many people die or become sick because of what is added to the marijuana they purchase. Last but not least if marijuana is legalized the government would have one more thing to throw a tax on and profit from. An enormous amount of money is raised through government taxation of alcohol, and cigarettes. The legalization of marijuana would create another item that could be taxed. I'm sure the government would have no problem spending all that extra money. The federal government's argument for criminalizing marijuana appears to be based on pressure from tobacco and pharmaceutical industries who find the non-patentable nature of marijuana harmful to profit margins. marijuana today. com). Along with positive reasons for legalizing marijuana there is also many cons for the legalization of marijuana. One concern that appears if marijuana is legalized is that it would increase the chances of the drug falling into the hands of kids. Even unhealthy legal items such as cigarettes and alcohol are prohibited from being sold to kids. This is because kids generally don't exhibit the sa me reasoning, responsibility, and judgment of an adult. And their bodies aren't as equipped to handle the intake of these substances. The problem is even worse for marijuana use. Developing brains and bodies can be dealt serious blows by the use of marijuana. Any time you make something legal, you increase the accessibility to children. All too often kids and teenagers get their hands on alcohol or cigarettes. They shouldn’t let the same thing happen with marijuana. Another bad effect that may occur if marijuana is legalized is more widespread use would increase the dangers of secondhand smoke-damage to bystanders. The dangers of secondhand cigarette smoke are well-publicized. Common sense tells us that more widespread usage of marijuana increases the likelihood that other people would suffer the damage of inhaling other people's smoke. Public places like bars would expose innocent patrons. In the home siblings, roommates, kids, and spouses would all face increased exposure. A huge concern in legalizing the use of marijuana is driving while under the influence of marijuana. Which is referred to â€Å"stoned diving†. Driving and smoking is harder to detect than drinking and driving. Only because it doesn’t usually have a distinct smell unless just smoked and the only sign is usually redder eyes. Driving while being under the influence of marijuana may be more prone to cause a car accident. Marijuana causes the brain to function slower than usually, so driving abilities may be inadequate. Marijuana is often used to a stepping-stone drug leading to heroine, cocaine, or harder drugs. Studies show that marijuana use often progresses to the use of harder drugs. In other words, people experiment with what is often thought of as a harmless drug. Then, after using it for a while people want to feel a better high. This is particularly a problem since most people will not directly start abusing the harder drugs that are generally understood to be harmful. The last and most common reason marijuana hasn’t been legalized yet is the physical damaged that is done to users’ body after a period of time. Although some studies have been disputed, marijuana abuse has been tied to brain damage, cancer, lung damage, depression, amotivational syndrome, and even death. The brain damage has been shown to cause memory loss and difficulty in problem solving. It is the governments duty to protect the public from such dangerous drugs. After all, that's why the FDA was created. (marijuanatodaycons. com). Immediate effects after someone has smoked marijuana may include: loss of restlessness, excitement, hallucinations, psychotic, paranoia, psychotic episodes, impaired coordination, impaired motor ability, mood swings, increased appetite, and impaired ability. Long Term effects of marijuana may include: the loss of brain cells, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, energy loss, slow confused thinking, apathy, and blood vessel blockage. Physical effects of marijuana may include diarrhea, cramps, weight loss or gain, and impaired sex drive. Marijuana can be a gateway drug, which means it can lead to the use of many other harmful drugs. Marijuana has been linked with teen violence, suicide, crime, and unsafe sex-HIV transmission. Smoking marijuana by adolescent user can disrupt their emotional development, delay puberty, and can delay the monthly cycle in females. Marijuana may produce a mild physical dependence that causes minor withdrawal symptoms when discontinued, including nausea, insomnia, irritability, and anxiety. marijuanatodayeffects. com) Marijuana is an addictive drug that can harm your body which is the main reason that the government would rather leave the use of it legally out of the law. Marijuana is a commonly used drug in the united states and all over the world. Many people feel differently about the legalization of marijuana. Which is clear because in some states the drug is legal, or at least lega l for medical purposes. There is many pros and cons that come with the substance of marijuana. Regardless of the law the drug is very wide spread and used.

Managing People 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing People 2 - Essay Example In addition, flexible working reduces stress level, which increases the productivity of an employee. Many companies big and small are also increasingly adopting flexible working schedules. This is because research has showed that flexible working increases workers productivity thus revenue. Therefore, since the main aim of a company is to increase productivity of workers so as to generate high profits, none would want to be left behind. In this regard, Regus (2012, p.3) reveals that about 80% of small companies report working more flexibly than before. At the same time, Regus (2012, p.3) found out that 68% of large businesses today provide flexible working to their employees. It was also found out that about 72% of international businesses reported having realized increased productivity as a result of flexible working. However, in all cases, Ragus (2012, p.3) reveals that about 68% of businesses reported that flexible working has increased staff productivity. About 63% of companies s urveyed indicated that flexible working increased their workers energy and motivation level pointing that flexible working is principal talent-retention technique. Research also indicates that about 51% of companies intend to employee more freelancers in the future (Ragus 2012, p.3). At the same time, about 80% of companies interviewed believe that there is a likelihood of an increase in the number of employees willing to work part-time, which points at an increasing demand for an environment that allows for flexible working. There are a number of companies in the U.K. that have embraced flexible working practices. BT (formerly British Telecommunications) is one such company in London that provides flexible working environment. BT is one of the largest Information technology and telecommunication companies in the U.K. Since the U.K. government legislated a law to improve flexible working, BT has embraced the practice in totality. The flexible working of BT is based on a number of pr inciples regarding service delivery, recruitment, and motivation. BT acknowledges the fact that many workers have the responsibility of taking care of others such as the elderly, children, the disabled, and the sick. The company also recognizes the fact that, with UK’s aging population, such demand is likely to increase, which will also increase competition for workers throughout the U.K. As a result, many candidates will likely be looking at what employers offering terms of flexible working in deciding on the company to work for (Eurofound 2009). As a result, BT has introduced a number of flexible working practices, which includes compressed time, job-sharing, accrual hours, annualized hours, flexitime, limited working, time out, teleworking and freedom to work. BT reports having reaped a lot of benefits from such a working practice. In this regard, BT reports that flexibility has increased the motivation level of its employees, which has in turn increased their productivity . As a result, the company has been able to register increased profits than ever before (Eurofound 2009). British American Tobacco (BAT) is also another big company in the U.K. that provides flexibility of work. In this regard, BAT allows for part-time and flexible working hours for its employees. Like, BT, Bat also provide leave for its workers to enable them attend to other

Marketing research about people motivation and behavior toward TOMS Paper

Marketing about people motivation and behavior toward TOMS shoes - Research Paper Example Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. 13 Mycoskie, B. (2012). Start something that matters. London: Virgin. 13 Russo, M. V. (2010). Companies on a mission: Entrepreneurial strategies for growing sustainably, responsibly, and profitably. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Business Books. 13 Tables 14 8. Figures 19 9. Appendix 24 1. Abstract People motivation and behavior are essential towards products. This marketing research paper attempts to analyze people behavior and motivation towards TOMS shoes. The main concentration of the study is about women perspectives towards TOMS shoes. This is a research that entails secondary and primary data collection methodologies. Where secondary data consists of literature review and primary data concerns survey and questionnaire findings. To analyze the attitude of women towards TOMS shoes, TOMS shoes marketing strategies is a factor that must be assessed (Russo, 2010). There is a stiff competition within shoe industry and motivation factors each corporation undertakes ei ther draw positive or negative perception from consumers. Customers who have an optimistic attitude about a superstar that promotes TOMS may in turn have an optimistic perception about TOMS, which will boost their motivation and actual behavior of buying their products. 2. Introduction TOMS is a brand that many people have supported due to their cause marketing strategies. ... In accordance to their website, TOMS has provided ten million pairs of shoes across over 60 nations (Russo, 2010). A motivational effect behind the TOMS product is their exhibition of corporate responsibility via their desire to assist others in need. Customer behavior can be impacted by issues such as motivation, perception and learning. Those factors are recognized as internal issues or personal issues. In addition, issues such as social norms, family responsibilities and cultural values constitute external or social factors. Those factor, in particular the external ones, can be impacted by the environment and trends. Just as domestic and exterior factors can be applied to endorse social transformation in the case of TOMS Shoes, they can be uniformly as successful in marketing strategies designed to prevent consumers from involving in some behaviors (Cakim, 2010). Researchers have been investigating customers’ behavior and motivation towards various products in various marke ts. Women motivation and behavior towards TOMS shoes is a research topic that has been reviewed by other researchers. The general outcome in the existing literature suggests that motivation and behavior of customer are influenced by the marketing (Russo, 2010). TOMS cause marketing strategy can be cited as the reason women are motivated towards TOMS shoes (Mycoskie, 2012). This marketing research seeks to study women motivation and behavior towards TOMS shoes. Women are great spenders on shoes and like to identify with great brands. This why it is necessary to understand their motivation and behavior factors in towards TOMS shoes. Women are extensively knowledgeable about shoes from different brands. This paper starts with literature

Employee resourcing, talent management, HRD and the skills agenda Essay

Employee resourcing, talent management, HRD and the skills agenda - Essay Example Social media, on the other hand, has mostly integrated into most internet users’ personal lives. Content and information sharing has taken a new shape where each individual can directly broadcast to his whole social circle over the internet. Businesses targeting this type of internet audience develop a whole new set of marketing strategies which involve content sharing giving the customers something to share about the business to their social circles. This implies the advent of social media has morphed business marketing. This directly influences the human resources as well. Where marketing is being morphed by the era of sharing and collaboration, human resource management is also being driven by networked employees that directly share business related information with each other. Such professional networks make it possible for the human resource developers and managements to search for, hire, and evaluate employees over the internet as well as establish continuous professiona l communications to directly manage them over the internet. This allows the degree of freedom to the employees giving them the space to manage themselves and takes this load off the company; essentially being workforce empowering and power delegation. The industries, to compete with the ever expanding businesses and to cater for the ever expanding market, change and improve continuously. Human resourcing in such conditions is, at best, a task for those who understand personalities and roles in field specific tasks and can find such people efficiently.

The Causes of Cirrhosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Causes of Cirrhosis - Research Paper Example The organ affected is the liver. One of the liver’s major functions is for ethanol metabolism. Acetaldehyde is one of the ethanol metabolites. Acetaldehyde malfunctioning may contribute to alcoholic liver disease or ALD (Aspen, 2012). Cirrhosis is the advanced stage disease affecting one vital human organ. The organ is the liver. The liver is characterized as having scars. There are many causes of the scars. One of the causes is the patients’ suffering from hepatitis. Another is a disorder of the patients’ bile duct body part (Alkaddour et al., 2014). Another cause of the liver scars, Cirrhosis, is excessive drinking of alcohol (Acton, 2013). Cirrhosis is characterized as the presence of avoidable scars’ damaging to the liver. The scars slow down or unfavorably disrupt the normal functions of the liver. The damage is accumulated over many years. Once the liver is scarred, removing the scars is very impossible (Ye, 2014). In terms of anatomy, the healthy liver helps in the metabolism of the body. The liver helps metabolize the body’s proteins. The liver maximizes the use of carbohydrates. The liver helps metabolize the body’s fats. The liver synthesizes the hormones, glycogen, amino acids, urea and other factors. The liver’s bile helps achieve and maintain the optimum nutritional requirements. The healthy liver has normally functioning portal vein and hepatic artery. The liver’s hepatocytes play an important role in the metabolism of both the human body’s ammonia and amino acids (Aspen, 2012). Cirrhosis manifestation focuses on the signs or evidence of the occurrence of the cirrhosis ailment. The healthy liver tissues are slowly replaced by scar tissues. The scar tissues prevent the normal flow of blood through the human body (Aspen, 2012).

Communication Process Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Process Paper - Essay Example All the key parts of the communication process are deemed to be integrated within the open communication pattern that is encouraged within the work setting. As such, corporate messages or correspondences could be sent from the top – down, or from the bottom – up without necessarily observing restricted protocols (for instance, an office clerk could not directly send a formal letter to the CEO because he or she needs to forward the letter to his or her superior; who in turn would decide whether the message is to be communicated to the proper channels along the organizational hierarchy). Explain what is involved in the communication process (how does communication occur?) As the definition of communication has identified key parts of the process, the communication occurs as initiated from a sender and down the line to the recipient. The sender is the communicator who can be any person, group, or member of the organization. The sender encodes the message into appropriate s ymbols for transmission. The qualities and characteristics of the sender are usually reflected in the message that is sent. His role, authority, educational level, personal and mental qualities, social background, and orientation are usually read in the context of the message. The receiver, likewise, can be an individual, group, or member of the organization. He decodes the symbols to understand the message. The recipient of the message is, likewise, characterized by his role, authority, educational level, and personal, social, educational qualities as reflected party as the reason for his being sent the message in the first place. On the other hand, these characteristics affect the way he reacts to the message. The message is communicated through symbols that are sent through a medium such as a memo or a telephone call. The symbols can take various forms such as verbal and non-verbal, oral and written, textual and visual. The message goes through a pathway which could be a channel along which its passage may either be facilitated or impeded. Noises or barriers apparently impede the communication process; and could result in miscommunication or misunderstandings. The pathways connect the sender and the receiver. The reaction by the recipient which may be expressed either in silence or actual response directed to the sender is the feedback. Feedback supplies the final link to complete the communication loop. It is the means by which the sender can modify subsequent messages to fit the receiver’s responses. What are the strengths and weaknesses of your organization’s communication? The strength of the open communication process encouraged in the organization is the immediate access to information and messages that must be received and addressed accordingly. Likewise, through open communication process, each member of the organization is considered a crucial part of the whole system, whose inputs, thoughts, ideas, and comments are regarded as equall y relevant. This therefore generates high morale and high job satisfaction. Concurrently, the weakness of this communication pattern is the potentials for generating too much information (information overload)

Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human Sexuality - Essay Example Humans in particular select mates on the basis of competition with other males to have held of the female or for choice of similar interests (Films Media Group). It should be noted that even scientists have proved that the mate selection among humans and bonobon have relatively similar mate selection behavior. Humans tend to enjoy sexual intercourse with a mate who is more reactive. In particular, female animals are more selective like female humans. Also, male bonobon would undertake sexual intercourse for relaxing or becoming friendly. Similar behavior is found among humans as well in terms of sexual intercourse. Humans would enjoy sexual intercourse if both the mates are able to enjoy different positions such as missionary, dog style or more which are broadly used among bonbons as well (Frans). Bonobon would select female bonobon who are more swelled (estrus period) which means that they are more receptive in terms of sexual intercourse. This is common among humans as well women tend to be more receptive of sex when they are close to their ovulation. This may be indicated by the hormonal urges and the feelings that would make them more persistent. Also, it has been observed that sexual selection does not involve the next kin to be involved in the sex for natural reasons. This is common among humans as well as they tend to make love to all except the next to kin. Sexual selection can imply a great impact on social organization. For instance, if a chimp selects a female chimp for sexuality, it will always keep a control on itself and follow monogamy while polygamy is noted among gorillas which will cause social organization to get affected for long. The evolution of primates has also shown that the sexual selection can have long term impact on social organization. This can be viewed in the sense that a chimpanzee needs quick mating with another chimpanzee (female) as soon

Change over Time Mans Impact on the Environment Essay Example for Free

Change over Time Mans Impact on the Environment Essay Mankind had many impacts throughout history economically and socially. One significant impact that arose because of changing economic and social pleasures was the effect mankind had on the environment. Mankind’s impact on the environment changes from the Agricultural Revolution through the 19th century in that man destroys more of the environment as industrialization progresses. Industrialization of the environment started out small with One of the first changes is the improvement of roads throughout the lands. European businesses worked to facilitate manufacturing goods so new road designs were built and old ones were extended. The impact was that transportation of raw materials was made easier to get into the factories where they would be used to create products. This change occurred because the increased profits that would come from a faster production. Canals were also built in places where the land was able to be dug through to make a new body of water. The canals would make transportation of materials to other locations easier without having to unload cargo from ships to cross a land barrier. The impact was the ships could pass through land barriers thanks to the canals and transport their cargo in less time. This change occurred because of the need to transport important cargo from ships in less time. Another change to the environment was from the smoke that polluted the air that came from factories. Smoke would rise into the air funneled out from the factories that would produce fumes as byproducts from manufacturing. The impact it had on society was that people near factories or workers had to breathe in lesser quality air. This change occurred because of the manufacturing boom that led to the creation of factories and their large amounts of toxic byproducts. Chemicals also had a role in affecting the environment in their own way. Chemical byproducts from factories would be dumped into nearby bodies of water to serve as an easy way to dispose of waste. The impact was that water quality decreased in places where chemicals were dumped and dangerous in some cases. This change occurred because of the factories’ profit minded owners who were worried about money rather than how dumping would affect water. The farming of coffee and cotton plants for monetary gain eroded the soil. Farmers would constantly plant these crops in patches of farmland to quickly grow the crops for money without giving the land time to recover which would slowly erode the soil. The impact was that in many cases some farmland was made infertile for many years before things  could be grown again. This change occurred because of the high demand for both coffee and cotton. The beginning of the construction of the Panama Canal in 1903 saw an enormous effort to move giant quantities of Earth. Thousands of workers worked to dig their way through the earth to cut a can through to one side of Panama to the other in order to allow ships to pass through without having to circle around South America to reach east coast North America. This change occurred because the time that would be saved from being able to cut through directly from the Pacific to the Atlantic. A continuity that remained with the environment was farming the land in many places. People would always need to farm to grow food and different types of crops. Mankind would work the land and plant seeds to grow the ingredients for foods that are needed for survival. This continuity remained because people need food and food starts with ingredients from grown crops. Through the process of industrialization mankind has made much progress but at the expense of the environment. The environment is more of an obstacle that needs to be moved in order to continue the progression of mankind. Mankind’s impact on the environment changes from the Agricultural Revolution through the 19th century in that man destroys more of the environment as industrialization progresses.

Lord of the Flies Play Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies Play Essay Lord of the Flies is a play about a group of evacuees who have had a plane crash. All the adults are dead and the group of boys are now left to survive by themselves on a desert island, that at first seems like paradise. They become split into two different groups. One group has Ralph as their leader and they try to stay civilised and normal, but the other group lead by Jack act like savages and at first they only kill a wild pig that is already on the island. The social influence of class divide on the island was shown well by the Pilot theatre company. It was clear to the audience who had a higher status on the island. They used their spoken language as one of the main differences. For example Piggy was from a lower class background and was therefore inferior to the rest of them. He spoke using very common language and the other boys teased him because of it. He was very much an outcast on the island and his clothes were like rags compared to the Public school boys posh outfits. Piggy was never part of the group; he always stood slightly on the outside of the circle. One of the cultural influences on the play was a childs capacity to murder intentionally. This came out through Jack and his followers. The theatre company showed that like the James Bulgier killers they thought about who and why they were going to kill. Their reasons werent good reasons but they were enough for them to decide it had to be done. They used their physical strength and power over others like bullys do. They decided the way to go and if you didnt fit in then you would be discarded of. It was rather like the war that was going on in the outside world at the time where if you were a Jew you had to be destroyed. The way Jack lead his gang was from a very Fascist viewpoint. At the beginning they used Democracy to decide who was going to be leader and Ralph was the one who was voted for. Jack was very angry with this, as he wanted to be in control. He wanted total power over the rest of the group and he didnt like the way Ralph tried to organise everyone. In the play the characters built a fire at the top of a hill on the island. The theatre company used a small real fire on the stage and a small red spot light to give the audience the idea of the fire. When the fire spreads out of control they mostly just use themselves and their acting to show the fire. I thought this was very effective because with the real fire on stage the audience could visualise what it would have looked like. I thought that the fire came to represent hope and survival because it was their only way of signalling to passers by where they were. They used Piggys glasses to make the fire and they were the only way they could make a fire so these also represented the boys survival. Whoever held the glasses was the most powerful person on the island because of what they symbolised and they were taken from Ralphs gang by Jack. This showed that he was more powerful and fitter than the others. The theatre company also used levels to show his status. They put his camp higher up on the stage, which demonstrates his domination and superiority. He also had the pigs head from the pig that he killed on a pole at the entrance to his camp to show off his power but also his bloodthirsty madness. At the beginning the lighting was a bright blue in the background and a bright white in the foreground. The lighting scheme darkened throughout the play as the atmosphere became tenser. It was a shock and a strong dramatic anti-climax at the end when the extremely bright white helicopter lights came down. This symbolised the rescue and the return from darkness. White is a very clean colour which contrasted with the dirty greens and reds used for most of the play. It illustrated to the audience the change from a murderous gloom to normality. It is the realisation of what has happened to them on this island. On the first night that they stay on the island the dark red light in Ralphs camp signifies the fire and all that is attached to that. They cross-faded the darkness to show the divide between the two gangs. There was a back projection behind the action that reflected the action that was taking place on the stage. They used the lighting to illustrate the storm and their fear by creating a lightning effect in the background. Techno music was used in this play to demonstrate the savage, frantic, mad agitated and ritualistic atmosphere on the island. The most noticeable time that it was used was at the beginning of the play during the plane crash. It created tension, anticipation and a climax at the very beginning to get the audience interested right from the start. They also used choir music as a symbol of who they were, their class and their innocence at the beginning. It contrasted greatly with the more sinister sounds in the second half of the play. There were lots of natural sounds used to show that they were out on their own with nature. The audience could always hear always lots of flies making them think about the title of the play. At the end of the play there was calming chill out music to signify the end of the trauma. They used a female voice because it sounds softer, more angelic and soothing. The whole group started the play off with this frantic, repetitive dance. This symbolised the plane crash. There was always a quick pace during the hunts and their movements were slightly jumpy and alert like they were about to pounce on something. It showed the tension, excitement and nerves they felt while they were out to get something. Jack is quite posh so he uses more sophisticated language compared to Piggy. He also wears a hat to show that he is the leader of the choir. This is another thing that sets him higher than the other characters. In the beginning their voices were quite light and jokey. It was like they werent taking their situation seriously, but as the play progressed Jacks voice became sterner, stronger and slightly hysterical. Ralphs was determined but got weaker and more helpless. Piggys was always whiney and attention seeking. I thought that these were good characterisations and I probably would have done it the same, although I might have made Jack slightly meaner than he was. The choir seems very innocent at the start and they are very proud of their uniforms. They are all wearing similar quite formal things to represent their respect for their heritage and their social status. Ralphs costume is relaxed and laid-back compared to the rests he seems more genuine and open than the Public school boys. Piggy wears scruffy old clothes. Roger was the most savage of them at the start and he also had the least costume. Their clothes are a symbol of civilisation and culture and they try to use them to get back to reality. They clung on to uniforms for security and structure. The costumes are a strong symbol of class and divide. Jacks gang cover themselves in war paint, feathers and blood showing their savagery. It also represents their strength power and ruthlessness. The more they lost their clothes, the more they lost sight of civilisation. This is the symbol of them turning to the wild. Jacks gang lost the most clothes and they also became the most savage. This play is very much about the survival of the fittest, which is why Jack came out the best because he was willing to do anything he thought he needed to do in order to survive. The play also shows the audience that we are all savages on the inside and that we need society and rules to guide us the direction of civilisation. At the start of the performance Ralph takes up lots of space to show his confidence, but he gradually became more slumped as the play progressed, until he was a crying ball on the floor unable to speak for himself. Jack stood tall throughout the play, which shows us that he beat Ralph both mentally and physically like a bully. Jack takes Ralphs space away from him to show his strength and fearlessness. The set design was multifunctional. The plane parts were easily moved by the actors unnoticeably during the play and could be to the audience whatever the actors imagined it to be. The wing came to represent death because it was where they killed Simon and it was tipped to create the cliff where they killed Piggy. The wing was also metallic which showed the reflected sun and the heat. They could also use the set to make noises like during the hunts. They banged it to create atmosphere and tension and they ran through it like it was the maze of the jungle. They could change the angles of the set to show the different parts of the island. Ralphs camp was under the plane, which makes the audience think that they are hiding from Jack. The way the ripped up plane is always on the stage both ruins paradise and is a constant reminder of why they are there. It is also a symbol of the ugliness of what they have done and it shows the divide between the two groups. The plastic backdrop glittered and rippled to show the sea. I thought the way the set was produced by the theatre company was both effective from the audiences point of view and the actors. This is because of the way it could be changed easily and it made the audience fell like they were there too. The divide between the two gangs represented civilisation v savagery. Ralphs gang representing civilisation and Jacks gang representing savagery. They both choose their different paths and out there with no one to take charge brute force won over the democratic ways of civilisation. Overall I thought that the Pilot theatre companys use of Drama Mediums and the Elements of Drama were very effective in communicating the themes and the social, cultural and historical influences on the play. Not only did they use these very well but I also found the performance enjoyable and interesting.

The Connection Between Biodiversity And International Relations Politics Essay

The Connection Between Biodiversity And International Relations Politics Essay I would start talking about the importance of the concept of biodiversity, as they not only have to take into account the geopolitical, economic and military with the state of the countries in the world, but today in terms of natural resources and what they can extract from them for your benefit or about development, but also understood as an aspect that includes all human beings, among all species worldwide. And the reality of Colombia as a country, state and territory among other nations. This leads us to delve into the background theme of environmentalism, which is what promotes and preserves the recovery of the welfare of all of nature around us, animals, plants, ecosystem in general with a sense of conservation, calling Relations international green policy. An awareness that we have as individuals, institutions and governments around the world, direct or indirect involvement of international relations. This is a global issue and will have to analyze factors such as global warming, the effects of climate change on earth, the mass death of whales, the area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹depletion of the ozone layer, radioactive waste, pollution, leading to the consequences as acid rain, melting glaciers and the species that live there, the biological containment of GM crops, causing serious changes in the Earth in the past 35 years. News that are heard, including the arrest of a ship with a hundred dead blue shark fishery product illegal in the Galapagos Islands, Natural Heritage of UNESCO are examples of environmental factors that are natural and analyze from the activities of environmental organizations public officials and governments around the international environment. A study called The Arctic Climate Assess, where more than 100 scientists, found that Arctic sea ice is now 24% lower than in 1960. Also a study on the Antarctic Peninsula has found that 87% of the glaciers studied in this region have been retreating more and more from 50 years ago. This as evidence of climate change on melting of the Arctic Ocean. (Rivero, 2008) Well for activists of these movements worldwide, the world order is inhumane, because it promotes a mentality of survival of the fittest, pursued a career thoughtless and wasteful exploitation of natural resources, and is based on the dominance of states and major projects of multinational companies often hired by the public sector, whether supported by the military and in the field of international relations, serious concerns about the natural forest area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹control groups like the FARC guerrillas and have only squandering their illegal logging for their illegal crops, leading glyphosate fumigations have caused drought in many regions of hybrid natural groceries from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia wasting a privilege as the green seal for marketing of organic products in the international community. The privilege of this stamp, you can only apply to 7 years in advance. In California, a baby means 2 times the environmental burden to the planet than one born in Sweden, 3 times longer than one born in Italy, 13 times longer than one born in Brazil, 35 times longer than one born in India, 140 times more than one born in Bangladesh, and 280 times longer than one born in Chad, Rwanda, Haiti or Nepal. You can then move the ecological carrying California, which is the model of consumption patterns that globalization spreads, the 70 million babies born each year in the world? Science studies assert that no. (Rivero, 2008) Being environmentally conscious is concerned about the deterioration of the environment. Example: If I say: Industrial emissions that worsen the environmental conditions of my city, I am referring to projects and operations of this company are affecting my life and that of other species, and therefore should have the right and the mechanisms to stop harmful processes in the industry. In the world there have been radical environmental groups like Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth, but also in the last 35 years there have been extremist opposition groups which have been called Anti environmentalists postmodern liberalism or Liberal Conservative. These groups act against radical activists denying any environmental statement issued by radical environmentalists. These Anti environmental groups are unscientific, ie fighting fiercely science. The mode of action of anti-liberal environmentalists is to review each scientific paper published in prestigious journals such as The National Academy of Sciences, Science Nature, Scientific American, etc. To misrepresent what scientists report their research results and affirm the opposite of what was said. (Ballesteros, 2002, second edition.) For example, the NAS has been reported that global warming exists, but we do not know the effects of this in the future on the planet. NAS also said we need continuous monitoring of certain climatological parameters to recognize the course you are taking global warming. Scientific facts such as this have been modified and distorted by anti-environmentalists in the world, arguing that no scientific evidence that global warming exists. Whatever they read between the lines, distorted and altered to make the public think that the scientific issue. These same people say that for example there is AIDS and the AIDS virus is not the cause of the disease. Actually such people is the cause of what we are now suffering in the world, even as they have been filtered, to obtain government positions utmost importance to obtain lucrative contracts from there anti-ecological, anti-ethical with respect to human health , animal and plant, using many arguments to attack real science. Many union members have done the same for abuse of reserves and parks. The crisis of Biodiversity refers to the complete extinction of many species on our planet. This implies a rapid decrease in the diversity of life on earth. Some causes of species extinction are habitat loss by expansion of human colonies, macro-building projects of construction companies in developed countries with geopolitical interests in unspoilt and increased reproduction and overpopulation of poor people, who for many reasons invade rural and jungle, polluting and destroying ecosystems established with toxic waste, causing pests and diseases, wasting and over-exploiting natural resources. Human activities have caused the extinction rate has increased 50 times above the normal rate. Biodiversity is important in the global and international political context because we depend directly from other species to dress, eat and medicines for them, it moves very high percentages of the economy in the annual GDP of world trade. The disappearance of about 40,000 species during the last two centuries is defined as a legitimate global ecological catastrophe. 50% of the surface of the earth has been devastated by the advance of human populations, agricultural and industrial activities. That have recently appeared bird species were considered extinct sometime in the past, does not mean that all species listed as extinct are hidden out there, avoiding the scrutiny of experts. Capitalism and socialism, subsumed under the common denominator of industrialism, summarized the causes of environmental crisis. The characteristic features of this predatory lifestyle and defiling nature of the human condition are the blind faith in the continued economic growth, the expansion of the means of production and productive forces, the materialistic ethic, confidence in the technique alone will be able to solve the problems of humanity and the bureaucratic and centralist society. Between the rise of environmental movements, are the crisis of political parties and entities to represent and enforce the demands of citizens against state agencies. From the structural functionalist theory, it is considered that the discontent of masses of individuals comes from the deterioration of their living conditions, expressed in the forms of economic, political and military society and the change in values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹from a subjectivist theory of social actors, can be explained by a change in values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and sensitivity of social actors. COLOMBIA Although it is difficult to locate in time the emergence of an environmental movement in Colombia, this has its beginnings from the struggles of indigenous and Creole for the independence of the Spanish Crown, through the struggles of workers and peasants of the early and mid twentieth century land and better working conditions, to the student and youth movements of the sixties and seventies for peace and new life forms and movements and marches in the eighties and nineties, they should not forget that Colombia has experienced an armed confrontation unresolved for more than forty years, badly affecting the environment, fauna and flora, a result of drug trafficking. Either way, the emergence of an environmental movement takes place only after the seventies as a result of numerous forums, conferences and reports coming from international agencies and academics in the core countries, including the Stockholm Conference on Environment 1972 and the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. Then there are the first attempts in the seventies building an environmental movement with the creation of a conservation group of the Universidad del Tolima. Then on the other hand the National University of Palmira promoted the inclusion of the department of ecology in the curricula of colleges of agriculture and from there it created awareness for environmental protection and natural resources. In recent years, and given that the middle class and intellectuals have extended their frame of concern, environmental movements or fractions of these tend to assimilate European values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and American environmental movement, leading to many environmentalists to be active members or supporters of known nature advocacy organizations like Green Peace and Friends of the Earth, and other ideologies and styles to take action themselves in other international contexts. CONCLUSIONS Some political candidates in their speeches have incorporated environmental language and sought to win popular support without being able to consolidate the foundations for the emergence of a green party as has happened in countries like Venezuela and Brazil. Several candidates for public corporations, waving green flags, have gained favor with the electorate. A Green Party candidate was elected mayor of Caguà ¡n-the distension zone. However, in the political arena, Colombia appears as a barren ground for the birth of a party green. The theoretical political opening that would lead to the Political Constitution of Colombia has been canceled by darker forces outside the law, but faithful defenders of the establishment. The direct action of these movements has been driven by the inability of the state and legally constituted governments to give timely and satisfactory response to the demands of citizens. Additionally, the armed insurgency gained more space within the national territory to the point that today nearly sixty percent of the country is the presence of groups outside the law, guerrillas, paramilitaries or the newly named BACRIM (criminal gangs of drug trafficking, organized crime and landowners to defend themselves against guerrillas and common criminals. The international community is witnessing a worrying situation.

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of E

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Knowledge is a very powerful thing, and to be able to deliver this to today’s youth has been a dream of mine for a long time. There are many advantages to teaching. I feel that is a very fulfilling profession. I have seen my sister in the classroom, and it greatly inspired me to want to make a difference in some ones life. Through watching my sister in action I was inspired to follow in her footsteps. I believe that each child has the will to learn, and that if they have a teacher who is on fire they will be on fire. I think that if a teacher cannot be excited about why they are doing, how can they expect their students to be excited. I want to be a teacher who brings the classroom to life. I want to have students who share their own views, and show the desire to learn. I strongly feel that if I show a desire to learn, they will want to learn from me. Children of all race, and creeds want to learn and excel. Unfortunately they usually come across an experience that can alter this desire. I also feel that a child’s home life can greatly affect their desire to learn. In order to help children in these situations you must be understanding, and try to see where they are coming from in order to give them the desire back. By being patient with students especially at the early childhood level when many times they are still in the early stages of life, I strongly feel they will gain a respect and love for school. Knowledge is an endless institution from which you can always take from regardless of the situation. This has to be wanted from the beginning, children must understand that it is theirs for the taking. I strongly feel that each child can learn whatever he... ... chance to do things in the real world it will be easier for them to learn what we are teaching. I hope to one day be able to deliver all of these ideas and concepts to children in a classroom I call my own. I hope to graduate from college with a Bachelor’s degree in Early Childhood Special Education with a minor in history. While teaching I intend on working through graduate schools earning a masters, and physical doctrine in special education. I hope to one day be employed by a university, and be able to educate future teachers. I hope to run a classroom where students have a say in their education, and I hope to have a great amount of mutual respect. My best learning experiences in school were in classrooms where I had a say so in my education. I hope to show children that they all have the same opportunity, and can achieve whatever their hearts desire. Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of E Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Knowledge is a very powerful thing, and to be able to deliver this to today’s youth has been a dream of mine for a long time. There are many advantages to teaching. I feel that is a very fulfilling profession. I have seen my sister in the classroom, and it greatly inspired me to want to make a difference in some ones life. Through watching my sister in action I was inspired to follow in her footsteps. I believe that each child has the will to learn, and that if they have a teacher who is on fire they will be on fire. I think that if a teacher cannot be excited about why they are doing, how can they expect their students to be excited. I want to be a teacher who brings the classroom to life. I want to have students who share their own views, and show the desire to learn. I strongly feel that if I show a desire to learn, they will want to learn from me. Children of all race, and creeds want to learn and excel. Unfortunately they usually come across an experience that can alter this desire. I also feel that a child’s home life can greatly affect their desire to learn. In order to help children in these situations you must be understanding, and try to see where they are coming from in order to give them the desire back. By being patient with students especially at the early childhood level when many times they are still in the early stages of life, I strongly feel they will gain a respect and love for school. Knowledge is an endless institution from which you can always take from regardless of the situation. This has to be wanted from the beginning, children must understand that it is theirs for the taking. I strongly feel that each child can learn whatever he... ... chance to do things in the real world it will be easier for them to learn what we are teaching. I hope to one day be able to deliver all of these ideas and concepts to children in a classroom I call my own. I hope to graduate from college with a Bachelor’s degree in Early Childhood Special Education with a minor in history. While teaching I intend on working through graduate schools earning a masters, and physical doctrine in special education. I hope to one day be employed by a university, and be able to educate future teachers. I hope to run a classroom where students have a say in their education, and I hope to have a great amount of mutual respect. My best learning experiences in school were in classrooms where I had a say so in my education. I hope to show children that they all have the same opportunity, and can achieve whatever their hearts desire.

Jarassic Park: The Dinosaurs Were Not To Blame For The Destruction of Jurassic Park :: essays research papers

Jarassic Park: The Dinosaurs Were Not To Blame For The Destruction of Jurassic Park   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'Nature won't be stopped .......or blamed for what happens'(Ian Malcolm , Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton). Jurassic Park mystifies its critique even as it makes it; or rather, to be more precise, it offers us contradictory messages about whom to blame for what goes wrong. Science finally takes the blame. Near the end of the book, while the humans are fighting off the velociraptors, Malcolm (the mathematician) delivers a long and didactic speech about how science is to blame for messing up the world because it has no morality; science tells us how to do things, not what things are worth doing and why. Malcolm talks about how the inventions of science, like Jurassic Park, are fated to exceed our control, just as his chaos theory predicts. According to Malcolm, chaos theory was developed in response to problems like predicting the weather, and the theory says it simply can't be predicted beyond the space of a few days, because the forces involved are too complex and unstable. If everything in a popular narrative like Jurassic Park really means something else, then so too does chaos theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The basic plot of Jurassic Park is fairly simple. A Palo Alto corporation called International Genetics Technologies, Inc. (InGen) has become able -- through an entrepreneurial combination of audacity, technology, human ingenuity, and fantastic outlays of capital (mostly funded by Japanese investors, who are the only ones willing to wait years for uncertain results) -- to clone dinosaurs from the bits of their DNA recovered from dinosaur blood inside the bodies of insects that once bit the now-extinct animals and were then trapped and preserved in amber for millions of years. (This is, by the way, theoretically possible.) The project is the dream of John Hammond, a billionaire capitalist with a passionate interest in dinosaurs, who comes across in the novel as a bizarre combination of Ross Perot and Ronald Reagan -- part authoritarian martinet, part dissociated and childish old man. With the resources of his wealth and power, Hammond buys a rugged island a hundred or so miles off the coast of Costa Rica and turns it into Jurassic Park, 'the most advanced amusement park in the world,' with attractions 'so astonishing they would capture the imagination of the entire world': a population of living, breathing actual dinosaurs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the park just a year away from opening to the public (those rich enough to pay, that is), the nervous investors insist on sending a team to the island to determine whether or not the park is as safe and under control as

Friendship in the West & Friendship in Islam Essay

It is natural for people to form friendships with others whom they interact with on a regular basis. Friendships can be formed through growing up in the same neighbourhood, meeting at school, college, university, social gatherings and via a number of other activities. Friendship is something common amongst people, however there are different conceptions of it. Some common conceptions include the following: friends will always stick by your side, you can always rely on a friend, you can speak freely to your friend and tell them your problems, friends like you for who you are, etc. When people have personal problems such as disputes with their family members or if they require advice they usually turn to their friends. Friendship in the West Friendship in the West is based on benefit. Friends come together on the basis of mutual interest, so they will go to the cinema, parties and clubbing together. They talk about the opposite sex freely to each other and hide each others secrets even if they involve evil actions. They often gain comfort in backbiting and winging about other people who they don’t like. Unfortunately some Muslims carry the Western notion of friendship as they follow the crowd rather than to looking to Islam for solutions. Due to the fact that friendship is based on benefit in the West, it is easy for people to ‘break out’ with each other, have rows and even become enemies. This happens when their interests conflict and can be over petty things such as not going for a night out with them or larger things such as betrayal. In many cases people even talk negatively about some of their friends in front of others and even betray them by having affairs with their wife, sisters or girlfriend. Friends even become status symbols, so people long to ‘hang out’ with a particular crowd to look cool. Often crowds have leaders with egos, so staying on the right side of certain people is important if you want to be accepted. For some this means ‘sucking up’ to them, for others it means undertaking actions to make them think you’re ‘cool’. Friendship in the West is based on using each other. The proof of this can be seen in the fact that when friends became unusable they drift apart. Typically, if someone’s friend was to suddenly change and stop clubbing, partying and drooling over the opposite sex at every opportunity they would start treating them differently and normally ‘break out’ with them. Especially if this person begins to account them when they are wrong and advise them upon their actions repeatedly. As an example if someone begins to practise Islam and stops committing Haram and advises his friends to do the same. Those with the Western concept of friendship would change their attitude towards them and they would be distanced and only occasionally spoken to. The reason for this is that it there is no more benefit in their eyes to keep a close relationship with them, in fact it completely contradicts their lust for pleasure as when the person speaks about Islam it is seen as an attack on their lifestyle. Friendship in Western societies is normally false as the society is founded on greed, individualism and following lusts. Friendship in Islam is true as it is based on sincerity, trust and Taqwa (piety). Friendship in Islam Islam recognises that a Muslim will naturally spend more time with certain people and be more comfortable with them in raising their personal problems and issues. This does not mean in any way that the rest of the Muslims are not their brothers and sisters whom they love, rather all that it means that they will be closer to certain people than others just as people are usually closer to their family than others. Islam recognises that friends have a strong influence on people and that their environment will affect the strength of their relationship with Allah (Subhanahu wa ta’aala). The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"A person follows the Deen (way of life) of his close friend; therefore let each of you look carefully at whom he chooses for friends† [Tirmidhi] A Muslim should choose friends that will advise him and remind him of Allah (Subhanahu wa ta’aala) rather than lure him to the path of Shaytan. It has also been narrated that our friends in the Dunya (world) will be our friends in the Akhira (afterlife). It is therefore vital for a Muslim to choose good friends. The love between two Muslim friends is such that they would confide in each other, help each other in times of need and strengthen each other’s commitment to the Deen of Allah (Subhanahu wa ta’aala). The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) encouraged for Muslims who have love for each other not to keep it to themselves. It has been narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Adaabul-Mufrad (no. 191) that Allah’s Messenger (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"If one of you loves his brother for Allah’s sake, then let him tell him since it causes familiarity to endure and firmly establishes love†. Abu Huraira narrated that the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"You will not enter Paradise until you believe, and you will not believe until you love one another. Shall I not guide you to something which if you carry out you will love one another. Spread as-Salaam amongst yourselves.† [Muslim] Friendship in Islam is not based on using each other; on the contrary, helping each other to stay away from the Haram is fundamental to it. How could someone watch his brother burn without doing anything to save him? A person who did that would be ones worst enemy rather than a friend. Therefore Muslims always warn and advise each other. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"Each of you is the mirror of his brother, so if he sees any fault in him he should wipe it away from him.† [Tirmidhi] This means the purpose of confiding secrets to each other wouldn’t be as in the Western values where people confide their secrets to feel good knowing that they will not be a comeback. Rather in Islam we confide our secrets to our friends to seek their sincere advice and help. So a Muslim will ask his friends about issues relating to marriage, problems within his family, troubles he feels at work or fears that he has. Friendship has rules in Islam unlike in the West – to visit them especially when they are ill, to inquire about their family, feeding them when they are hungry, attending to their needs, keeping their private affairs to yourself and sharing your wealth with them without hesitation. It is related that Ibn Umar (ra) was looking about from right to left in the presence of the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam), who asked the reason for doing so. Ibn Umar replied, â€Å"There is someone dear to me and I am searching for him, but do not see him†. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) then said, Umar bin Al-Khattab (ra) said, â€Å"Encountering your brothers lifts all grief. If Allah blesses you with good relations with another Muslim, hold fast to it†. Rule of friendship with non-Muslims As Muslims living in the West we interact with non-Muslims on a daily basis whether at work, University, college or in society at large. It is incorrect for us to cut ourselves completely from them and live in isolation. We should aim at building relationships with them in order to give them Da’wa to embrace Islam. Therefore we should have them as acquaintances, however this does not mean that we are allowed to have them as close friends, as Allah (Subhanahu wa ta’aala) says: â€Å"O you who believe, take not into intimacy those outside your ranks: they will not fail to corrupt you.† [TMQ Al-Imran: 118] Not taking them as close friends means that you don’t share with them your innermost thoughts and feelings. For no matter how well you know them, they reject Allah (Subhanahu wa ta’aala) and His Messenger (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam). The bond of Iman is even stronger than that of kinship. An example of this can be seen after the great battle of Badr, the Quraysh prisoners of war were bought to the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) who assigned them to the custody of individual Muslims. The Messenger (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"Treat them well.† Amongst the prisoners was Abu Aziz ibn Umayr, the brother of Mus’ab ibn Umayr (ra). Abu Aziz narrates what happened, â€Å"I was among a group of Ansaar†¦Whenever they had lunch or dinner they would give me bread and dates to eat in obedience to the Prophet’s instruction to them to treat us well. My brother, Mus’ab ibn Umayr, passed by me and said to the man holding me prisoner, â€Å"Tie him firmly†¦ His mother (i.e. Mus’ab’s own mother) is a woman of great wealth and maybe she would ransom him for you.† Abu Aziz ibn Umayr could not believe his ears. Astonished, he turned to Mus’ab and asked: â€Å"My brother, is this your instruction concerning me?† Mus’ab ibn Umayr (ra) replied, â€Å"He is my brother, not you!† pointing to the Ansaari Sahabi holding him, affirming that in the battle between the Haq and the Batil, the bonds of Iman are stronger than the ties of kinship. Prohibition of backbiting, slander, envy, jealousy & grudges The relationship of friendship is one of trust as a good Muslim is trustworthy and not deceitful, betraying or a backbiter. In reality this makes the love between friends in Islam stronger than friendship according to Western values as there is no constant thinking about whether your friend is speaking ill of you to other people or whether they are having a hidden relationship with your sister or wife. Islam has prohibited backbiting and slander and thus removing the cause of suspicion and doubt amongst people. Allah (Subhanahu wa ta’aala) says: â€Å"Neither backbite one another. Would one of you love to eat the flesh of his dead brother. You abhor that (so abhor the other)! And keep your duty to Allah. Lo! Allah is Relenting, Merciful.† [Al-Hujarat: 12] It is narrated by Abu Dawud on the authority of Anas (RA), the Messenger of Allah said: â€Å"On the night of Isra I passed by some people who had copper nails and they were clawing their faces and chests with them. I asked Jibriel: Who are these persons? He said: These are the people who eat the flesh of human beings and disgrace them.† Islam also forbids envy and jealousy which are the common causes of problems amongst friends in Western societies. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"Do not have malice against a Muslim; do not be envious of other Muslims; do not go against a Muslim and forsake him. O the slaves of Allah (Subhanahu wa ta’aala)! Be like brothers with each other. It is not violable for a Muslim to desert his brother for over three days†. [Sahih Muslim, Tirmithi] Belittling each other is almost a pastime in the West. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"The believer can do no worse than belittle his brother†. [Iyah Uloom ad Deen] A Muslim should not hold grudges against another Muslim even if they are differing personalities. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) warned against this when he said, â€Å"The gates of Paradise will be open on Mondays and on Thursdays, and every servant [of Allah] who associates nothing with Allah will be forgiven, except for the man who has a grudge against his brother. [About them] it will be said: Delay these two until they are reconciled; delay these two until they are reconciled; delay these two until they are reconciled†. [Muslim] Friends should feel at ease with each other without feeling inferior or superior. Ego’s must be tamed according to Islam. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"A man is on a par with the Deen of his friend and there is no good in the fellowship of one who does not regard you as highly as himself†. [Iyah Uloom ad Deen] Concealing faults It is important to conceal a friends faults, this does not mean that we ignore them; it means that we advise them and help them overcome their shortcomings. Uqbah ibn Amir narrated that the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"He who sees something which should be kept hidden and conceals it, it will be like the one who has brought to life a girl buried alive† [Hadith 2292: Abu Dawud] Abu Hurayrah narrated that Allah’s Apostle (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"He who conceals (the faults) of a Muslim, Allah would conceal his faults in the world and in the Hereafter. Allah is at the back of a servant so long as the servant is at the back of his brother.† [Hadith 1245: Muslim] Generosity & Kindness Sharing wealth with others is greatly encouraged in Islam. This encourages trust and closeness amongst people. It is sometimes difficult for Muslims to grasp this principle especially when they are affected by Western society which promotes greed and selfishness. Giving someone something without expecting anything in return is uncommon in the West even amongst friends. When the non-Muslims give each other presents such as on Birthday’s, Christmas, New Year’s or when someone leaves the work place it is done more out of tradition and knowing that they will get something in return rather than sincerity. Imam Bukhari narrated that our beloved Messenger Muhammad (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said: â€Å"None amongst you believes (truly) till one likes for his brother, that which he loves for his himself†. Examples of this perspective towards others can be clearly seen in the companions of the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam). It is transmitted by Imam Ahmad, in Al-Bidayah, volume 3, page 228 that Anas (ra) narrated, â€Å"When Abdur-Rahman ibn Auf (ra) immigrated to Medina, the Messenger of Allah (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) established brotherhood between him and Sa’d ibn Al-Ansari (ra). Afterwards Sa’d said to Abdur-Rahman ibn Auf, ‘O my brother! I am a wealthy person of Medina. Look! Here is half of my wealth, take it! I have 2 wives. I will divorce one of them whom you like more so that you may marry her.’ Abdur-Rahman ibn Auf replied, ‘May Allah (Subhanahu wa ta’aala) prosper your family and wealth, just show me the way to the market so that I may make my fortune with my own hands.† The Ansaar of Medina were extremely generous to their brothers, the Muhajireen from Makkah. Abu Hurairah (ra) reported that they once approached the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) with the request that their orchards of palm trees should be distributed equally between the Muslims of Medina and the Muslims of Makkah. But the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) was reluctant to put this heavy burden upon them. It was, however, decided that the Muhajireen would work in the orchards along with the Ansaar and the yield would be divided equally amongst them. Friends should have informality with each other so that they are not hesitant in asking for anything when in need. This can be seen from the example of the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) and his dear friend Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) had stayed at his house when after arriving into Madina whilst he was waiting for the mosque to be built. The Prophet stayed in Abu Ayyub’s house for almost seven months until his mosque was completed on the open space where his camel had stopped. He then moved to the roots which were built around the mosque for himself and his family. He thus became a neighbour of his friend Abu Ayyub. Abu Ayyub continued to love the Prophet with all his heart and the Prophet also loved him dearly. There was no formality between them. The Prophet continued to regard Abu Ayyub’s house as his own. The following anecdote tells a great deal about the relationship between them. Abu Bakr (ra) once left his house in the burning heat of the midday sun and went to the mosque. Umar (ra) saw him and asked, â€Å"Abu Bakr, what has brought you out at this hour? Abu Bakr said he had left his house because he was terribly hungry and Umar said that he had left his house for the same reason. The Prophet came up to them and asked; â€Å"What has brought the two of you out at this hour?† They told him and he said, â€Å"By Him in Whose hands is my soul, only hunger has caused me to come out also. But come with me.† They went to the house of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. His wife opened the door and said, â€Å"Welcome to the Prophet and whoever is with him.† â€Å"Where is Abu Ayyub?† asked the Prophet. Abu Ayyub, who was working in a nearby palm grove, heard the Prophet’s voice and came hurriedly. â€Å"Welcome to the Prophet and whoever is with him,† he said and went on â€Å"O Prophet of God, this is not the time that you usually come.† (Abu Ayyub used to keep some food for the Prophet every day. When the Prophet did not come for it by a certain time, Abu Ayyub would give it to his family). â€Å"You are right,† the Prophet agreed. Abu Ayyub went out and cut a cluster of dates in which there were ripe and half ripe dates. â€Å"I did not want you to eat this,† said the Prophet. â€Å"Could you not have brought only the ripe dates?† â€Å"O Rasulullah, please eat from both the ripe dates (rutb) and the half ripe (busr). I shall slaughter an animal for you also.†. â€Å"If you are going to, then do not kill one that gives milk,† cautioned the Prophet. Abu Ayyub killed a young goat, cooked half and grilled the other half. He also asked his wife to bake, because she baked better he said. When the food was ready, it was placed before the Prophet and his two companions. The Prophet took a piece of meat and placed it in a loaf and said, â€Å"Abu Ayyub, take this to Fatima. She has not tasted the like of this for days†. When they had eaten and were satisfied, the Prophet said reflectively: â€Å"Bread and meat and busr and rutb!† Tears began to flow from his eyes as he continued: â€Å"This is a bountiful blessing about which you will be asked on the Day of judgment. If such comes your way, put your hands to it and say, Bismillah (In the name of God) and when you have finished say, Al hamdu lillah alladhee huwa ashbana wa anama alayna (Praise be to God Who has given us enough and Who has bestowed his bounty on us). This is best.† [Iyah Uloom ad Deen] In putting others first, the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) demonstrated for us excellent examples. He (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) once entered a thicket with one of his companions and gathered two toothpicks, one of them crooked and the other straight. He gave the straight one to his companion, who said, â€Å"O Messenger of Allah, you are more entitled to the straight one than I!† The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) replied, â€Å"When a friend accompanies a friend, if only for one hour of the day, he will be asked to account for his companionship, whether he fulfilled his duty to Allah therein or whether he neglected it†. [Iyah Uloom ad Deen] On another occasion the Messenger of Allah (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) went out to a well in order to wash. Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman took a robe and stood screening the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) whilst he washed. Then Hudhayfa (ra) sat down to wash himself and Muhammad (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) took the robe and screened Hudhayfa (ra) from view. Hudhayfa objected saying, â€Å"My father be your ransom, and my mother too! O Messenger of Allah, do not do it!† Yet he (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) insisted on holding the robe and said, â€Å"Each time two people are in company together, the dearer to Allah is he who is kinder to his companion [Ihya Uloom ad Deen] The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) also said, â€Å"The companions whom Allah considers best are those who are best to their companions†. [Ahmad & Tirmidhi] Giving of gifts has also been recommended by the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) and he explained that it creates love between people. It was reported by al-Bukhari in al-Adaabul-Mufrad (no. 594) that Rasool-Allah (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said: â€Å"Give gifts and you will love one another†. Kindness to our friends, helping them in need and consoling them in times of grief should become natural for us for everyone needs help, a shoulder to cry on and someone to share their joy. Ali ibn Abi Talib (ra) said, â€Å"Pay attention to your brothers for they are your provision in this life and in the hereafter. Do you not listen to the cry of the people of the fire? â€Å"So we have no one to intercede for us nor any dear friend† [Ash-Shu’araa: 100-101] Loving someone for the sake of Allah In the West people love each other for the sake of material benefits whereas in Islam we are encouraged to love each other for the sake of Allah. This means that we would undertake actions with regards to each other that even contradict our personal interests in order aid a friend or further our relationship with them. It was reported by Muslim on the authority of Abu Hurairah (ra) that the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said: â€Å"A man went to visit a brother of his in another town and Allah deputed an angel to await him on his way, so when he came to him he said, â€Å"Where are you going?† He replied, â€Å"I am going to visit a brother of mine in this town.† He said, â€Å"Have you done him some favour which you desire to be returned?† He said, â€Å"No, it is just that I love him for Allah, the Mighty and Magnificent.† He said, â€Å"Then I am a messenger sent by Allah to you (to inform you) that Allah loves you as you have loved him for Allah’s sake.† The Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) also said, â€Å"Whoever would like to taste the sweetness of Iman (belief) then let him love a person only for Allah’s sake† [Ahmad] It was reported by Abu Dawud that Umar ibn al-Khattab narrated that the Prophet (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"Indeed from the servants of Allah there are some who are not Prophets, yet they will be envied by the Prophets and the martyrs†. It was asked, â€Å"Who are they? That we may love them†. He (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) said, â€Å"They are people who have mutual love through light from Allah, not due to kinship or ancestry, their faces will be enlightened, upon pillars of light, they will not fear when the people fear, or grieve when the people grieve†. Then he (SallAllahu alaihi wasallam) recited: â€Å"No doubt! Verily, on the friends of Allah there is no fear nor shall they grieve† [TMQ 10: 62] In conclusion, it should be apparent that we can’t live in isolation and require company. Friendship provides a natural support structure the Muslim community. Therefore we should ensure that the company we keep helps us in remembering Allah (Subhanahu wa ta’aala) and strengthens our commitment to Islam. This is more important for us living in the West as the corrupt society continuously bombards us with its poisonous culture and attempts to catch us in its net.

Kit Kat Company Essay

1: INTRODUCTION Kit Kat started in August 29 in 1935 in York by Rowntree, in 1973 Kit Kat entered in Japan market. In 1988, Nestle took over the Kit Kat ( Kit Kat, 2014). Today, Kit Kat is very successful in Japan, Kit Kat has more then two hundred different products in Japan, it help Kit Kat get more and more market share in Japan( Kit Kat, 2014). More and more people think Kit Kat is like a logo in Japan, because there are some special Kit Kat products only selling in Japan. Kit Kat success in Japan is the fact, but why Kit Kat is successful in Japan, it must be affect with generic strategy. Kit Kat using the right strategy to help them success. Generic strategy is very important for the company, it will help the company increase the competitive. When the Kit Kat choose the right generic strategy, it will help the company more stronger, they can get more market shares, help the company to be successful. 2. Generic Strategy Generic strategy was described by Micheal Porter in 1979, Porter’s generic strategy is talking about how a company increase the competitive advantage in their chosen market. There are three generic strategy, cost leadership, differentiation or focus, focus is about two different way, cost focus or differentiation focus (Oxlearn.com, 2014). Cost leadership strategy means save the cost in the organization help the company to increase the competitive advantage. For example: Wal-Mart, they are using cost leadership, they are very successful, they find the cheap domestic suppliers and from low-wage foreign markets, they keep the cost and using  the lower price selling to the customers (Small Business – Chron.com, 2014). Differentiation strategy means a company using many different products to increase the competitive advantage and get more market shares. For example, Apple company is a very successful in the world, they have many different products, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Mac, Watch, etc. They are using different products to improve themselves, help the company to get more customers and market shares. Focus strategy is including cost focus and differentiation focus. The different with cost focus and differentiation focus is focus the cost or products differentiation. Cost focus is focus the cost, use the lower cost to improve the competitive advantage. Differentiation focus is a company try to produce the different products in the new market take the company more stronger, increasing the competitive advantage. Kit Kat is a successful company in the world, they are using cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy. There are some reasons for why Kit Kat chosen cost leadership strategy. Lower cost raw materials. Kit Kat owned by Nestle SA. Kit Kat is selling chocolate, when they making the products, the need the raw materials, for example: sugar, milk, coffee and cocoa. Nestle SA is doing business with this raw materials, so they can use the cheaper prices to get the raw materials (MarketWatch, 2014). That will help the company to reduce the cost, it means Kit Kat can use the lower price to selling their product and keep the profit, increase the competitive advantage. Retail. In January 15 2014, the world’s first Kit Kat opened in Tokyo (Ashcraft, 2014). Before 2014, Kit Kat do not have any store, they only selling in the other shops. All of the customer can buy the Kit Kat from the supermarket or shops. It can help the company save the cost. They are selling in the supermarket can help the company, they do not need to hire more employees and open the own shop they need to spend more cost. Today they opened the first store in Tokyo, but customer also can buy the Kit Kat from the supermarket or in other shops, it can help the company get more customer and increase the competitive advantages. There are some reasons for why Kit Kat chosen differentiation strategy. The strategy customer. Kit Kat has more then 200 different products in Japan. There are more then forty products are only selling in Japan, for example: Wasabi, Strawberry Cheesecake, Lemon Vinegar, and Cucumber (Break with Kit Kat, 2014). Kit Kat  produces many different products, that is achieve the differentiation strategy, they try to use the differentiation to improve the company. Different people has different taste, need and want, so different will get more and more customer to buy the products, different product is suitable to different customers. That is the reason why different products can increase the competitive advantage for the company. All of the different products have their own package, different colour and different weight. In 1942, Kit Kat fist time selling the blue Kit Kat in the market, in 1949, Kit Kat start to selling red Kit Kat in the market, after that, Kit Kat produced more and more different Kit Kat, for example, in 1990s Kit Kat start to selling the Nestle Macintosh Corporation ( Kit Kat, 2014). Japan is a developed country, people want to improve the quality of life, so they need more different products, they want more different experience. Everyone’s life is different, so they have different demand, students, workers and old people have different need, today you can find much more different Kit Kat in Japan, anyone can choose different Kit Kat for them. Different Kit Kat has own colour, people like different colour, so different colour can keep different customer and different weight is suitable for different customer, for example, if one family like eating Kit Kat, they need more weight, can help them save time, do not need to buy many times, so bigger weight is suit for them. Key c ompetitors. Kit Kat is doing business with chocolate, but there are some chocolate industry in the world, for example:Ferrero brands, Mars brands and Cadbury brands. They are also doing the business with chocolate, the are also very successful, so Kit Kat need to improve the competitive advantage. Other brand do not have much different products, but Kit Kat have many different products, it will help Kit Kat easy to get the customer. Kit Kat is owned by Nestlà © SA which also owns a range of other product brands, from 2007 to 2012, the market share only changed 0.7%, that mean differentiation help the Kit Kat keep the market shares (Break with Kit Kat, 2014). Kit Kat’s target market is men and women of all ages, so different products can help Kit Kat keep the market shares. All of the chocolate company selling the products in Japanese market, the number of customers is fixed, so Kit Kat is using differentiation strategy to increase the competitive advantage, when Kit Kat  fight with other company in the market, they are more stronger, they can get more market shares, help the company more successful. 3. Ebola and Kit Kat Ebola virus is an infectious disease, this disease has a high risk of death (Who.int, 2014). First cases notified in March 2014 in west Africa.(Who.int, 2014). It affect the price of cocoa, in November the price of cocoa up twenty percent, before November it was up to thirty-five percent to forty percent (PBS NewsHour, 2014). West Africa is the world’s largest cocoa origin, when Ebola virus found in west Africa, that affect the cocoa trade, many farmer in Ebola virus disease, because this disease has a high risk of death, so much of the farmer died of Ebola virus disease, so they lose a lot of labor, they do have enough people to working with the cocoa, so the chocolate company can not buy the enough cocoa, demand higher then supply, the price of cocoa will going up. In USA, all of the price of chocolate increase ten cents for each Kit Kat. Kit Kat is a chocolate company, cocoa is the most important raw material, they need the cocoa to make the chocolate, but the price of coco a going up, so they need to spend more cost on the cocoa, but they did not pass all the cost to the customers, so in 2014 the sales slump seven percent (FoodNavigator-USA.com, 2014). Kit Kat can use operational level strategy. Operational level strategy A plan that details how a business will use its production resources to meet its goals. Many business managers will put together a detailed operation strategy in order to clearly present to subordinate staff their plans for how their portion of the business should function in order to attain its objectives (BusinessDictionary.com, 2014). The price of cocoa up around twenty percent is about the global economy, so all of the chocolate companies are increase the costs, they also need the cocoa to produce the products. If Kit Kat is using cost same like other time, they also want to keep the profit, they must transfer the cost to the customer, it means increase the price of the Kit Kat, but Kit Kat can choose to reduce the cost in the transport or other please, they also can find the cocoa supplies from other countries, help them to reduce the cost. Seventy percent cocoa from west Africa, there are also thirty percent cocoa they can find, using the cocoa from other may be is cheaper, try to save the cost in the other places, for example: package,  or transportation. Kit Kat can find the cheaper other raw materials, help the company to reduce the cost. When Kit Kat try to save the cost in other places, do not increase the price of products, they can increase the competitive advantage, help the company keep the customer and market shares. 4. Conclusion Kit Kat is a very successful company in Japan. Kit Kat is start from 1935 to now, Kit Kat has 79 years history. In this 79 years, Kit Kat from a small business becoming this successful company, because they are using the right strategy, right strategy can help the company service and becoming more stronger. They have more the four hundred different products, they can fight with the Ferrero brands, Mars brands and Cadbury brands, and becoming same with that brands, even more successful in Japan. Different strategy suit for different situation and different company, there is not best strategy, there is only suitable strategy, a strategy may be can take the company more and more successful or closed. 5. List of References Kit Kat. 2014. KitKat History. [ Online]. Available from: http://nestle.jp/brand/kit/about/history/ [Accessed 22 DEC 2014]. Oxlearn.com, (2014) Oxford Learning Lab – Watch it Learn it Badge it. [ Online]. Available from: http://www.oxlearn.com/arg_Marketing-Resources-Porter%27s-Generic-Strategies_11_33 [Accessed 28 December 2014]. Small Business – Chron.com, (2014) Examples of Cost Leadership & Strategy Marketing. [ Online]. Available from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-cost-leadership-strategy-marketing-12259.htm l [Accessed 28 December 2014]. MarketWatch, (2014) Nestle keeps view on raw material inflation. [ Online]. Available from: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/nestle-keeps-view-on-raw-material-inflation-2012-08-09 [Accessed 28 December 2014]. Ashcraft, B. (2014) The World’s First Kit Kat Store Is Opening in Tokyo, Kotaku. [ Online]. Available from: http://kotaku.com/the-worlds-first-kit-kat-store-is-opening-in-tokyo-1501753395 [Accessed 28 Decemb er 2014]. Break with Kit Kat, (2014) Global Business Strategy. [ Online]. Available from: http://breakwithkitkat.weebly.com/global-business-strategy.html [Accessed

Effect of Changes in Substrate Concentration on the Reaction Rate

Effect of changes in substrate concentration on the reaction rate of an enzyme IB biology Internal Assessment 3/23/12 Research Question: Effect of changes in substrate concentration amount on the reaction rate of an enzyme Introduction: In this experiment, the substrate is hydrogen peroxide. The purpose of this investigation is to find out the relationship between the substrate concentration and the rate of reaction. Substrates are molecules that are acted upon by enzymes. For instance, amylase, an enzyme found in saliva, helps break down complex starch molecules (substrates) into smaller sugar molecules (products).In other biochemical reactions, substrates require assistance of specific enzymes to form new products. When the amount of enzyme stays constant, the substrate concentration will determine the rate of reaction. However, when the number of substrate molecules exceeds the available number of enzyme, the rate of reaction will no longer increase, but stay constant. If there is a constant amount of enzyme, as the concentration of a substrate increased, the rate of reaction will increase as well. This is because of molecular collisions.If you have more reactant molecules, there are more to collide. Aim: The effect of hydrogen peroxide on the enzyme activity of catalase Hypothesis: When the amount of enzyme stays constant, the substrate concentration will determine the rate of reaction CONTROLLED VARIABLES| Units| Possible effect(s) on results| Amount of enzyme | 2. 8g| an extra drop of enzyme can alter the rate of reaction | Size and type of test tubes | 30ml| The size and type of test tubes were constant, because they can alter the pressure | | Units| Range|INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | Hydrogen Peroxide (Substrate) Concentration | ml| 5,10,15,20,25,30| DEPENDENDENT VARIABLE| Rate of Reaction | Seconds| 80 secs| VARIABLES: METHOD FOR CONTROLLING VARIABLES: CONTROLLED VARIABLES| Method for control:| 1. Amount of enzyme| All liver used were at a constant weight of 2. 8g | 2. Size of test tube | All test tubes were 30ml| METHOD FOR COLLECTING DATA: 1. Prepare a tube rack and place 6 30ml tubes in them. 2. Weigh liver at a constant 2. 8g. 3. Place the 6 pieces of liver into the test tubes. 4.Obtain 3% hydrogen peroxide and a graduated cylinder. 5. Pour 5ml into test tube 1, 10ml into test tube 2, 15ml into test tube, 20ml into test tube 4, 25 ml into test tube 5, 30ml into test tube 6 (but not at once one after the another) . 6. Once hydrogen is in the test tube start the stop watch to see how long it will take to react. 7. Repeat the action in no. 5 & 6, six times for each tube. 8. Observe what happens to the liver while reacting to the hydrogen peroxide. 9. Clear up the station and pour liver into a waste beaker. 0. Clean each of the test tubes out and put the materials away. The materials used in this experiment are: I. 50-ml graduated cylinder II. Fresh liver III. 6 test tubes (30 ml) IV. 3% Hydrogen peroxide V. Disposable Pipettes VI. Sto pwatch VII. Digital scale VIII. 50ml beaker IX. Test tube rack X. Plastic knife XI. Scissors QUALITATIVE DATA. The reaction started as soon as Catalase touched the surface of hydrogen peroxide. More concentrated hydrogen peroxide produced more oxygen bubbles and the reaction rate was faster.As more substrate was added the reaction was faster. Once the 5ml of hydrogen peroxide was put into the test tube with the liver, the reaction rate was slow. As the amount of hydrogen peroxide increased the reaction became faster. When putting the 15ml of peroxide into the test tube 3 during the first trial the reaction bubbles spilled into tube 4 affecting the result slightly, because it made it to start reacting before the 20ml of peroxide was put into test tube 4 . In test tube 6 during the first trial the liver was lifted from the surface about 2cm.The color for test tubes 1-5 during all the six trials was light brown, but for tube six the color was dark brown. BEFORE SUBSTRATE AFTER SUBSTRAT E RECORDING RAW DATA:PROCESSING RAW DATA: Amount of Solute concentration (ml)| Repeat| Reaction time (s)(+/-0. 5s)| 5| 1| 130| | 2| 129| | 3| 130| | 4| 132| | 5| 128| | 6| 123| 10| 1| 100| | 2| 110| | 3| 92| | 4| 98| | 5| 95| | 6| 101| 15| 1| 87| | 2| 87| | 3| 84| | 4| 88| | 5| 82| | 6| 84| 20| 1| 63| | 2| 70| | 3| 78| | 4| 71| | 5| 74| | 6| 75| 25| 1| 59| | 2| 58| | 3| 60| | 4| 60| | 5| 58| | 6| 59| 0| 1| 39| | 2| 42| | 3| 37| | 4| 41| | 5| 40| | 6| 38| Amount of Solute concentration (ml)| Repeat| Reaction time (s)(+/-0. 5s)| Mean (s)(+/-0. 5s)| 5| 1| 130| 128. 6| | 2| 129| | | 3| 130| | | 4| 132| | | 5| 128| | | 6| 123| | 10| 1| 100| 99. 3| | 2| 110| | | 3| 92| | | 4| 98| | | 5| 95| | | 6| 101| | 15| 1| 87| 85. 3| | 2| 87| | | 3| 84| | | 4| 88| | | 5| 82| | | 6| 84| | 20| 1| 63| 71. 8| | 2| 70| | | 3| 78| | | 4| 71| | | 5| 74| | | 6| 75| | 25| 1| 59| 59. 0| | 2| 58| | | 3| 60| | | 4| 60| | | 5| 58| | | 6| 59| | 30| 1| 39| 39. 5| | 2| 42| | 3| 37| | | 4| 41| | | 5| 40| | | 6| 38| | *Sample Calculation of mean: sum of reaction time for tube/# of trials 39+42+37+41+40+38=237 237/6= 39. 5 PRESENTING PROCESSED DATA CONCLUDING: My hypothesis was supported based on my data. The data suggests that as the hydrogen peroxide concentration increases the rate of reaction increased. It took less time for it to react according to figure 1. The general trend that was in this experiment was that the numbers for each amount of hydrogen were in the same range e. g. 15ml (87 87 84 88 82 84).My prediction was correct the more substrate was added the less time it used to react hence a faster reaction rate. There were no anomalous results. The data in this experiment suggests that the change in amount of substrate creates a faster reaction rate. EVALUATING PROCEDURES: Even though the experiment and the outcome of the experiment support my hypothesis; there are some weakness in this experiment that would have enabled a better outcome. The weaknesses that were present in the in the method of chosen for this investigation was the size of liver.The last weakness the arrangement in the steps taken. IMPROVING THE INVESTIGATION: To improve the results of this investigation is the size of liver should have been smaller, so that more reaction would have taken place and the color of the liver would have changed more for all of the tubes. Another improvement would be in the arrangement of steps taken. To avoid the spillover of the reaction bubbles into test tube 4, the amount of hydrogen peroxide should have been in the test tubes first then the liver should have been dropped in after.