Saturday, August 31, 2019

Immigration Senior Project

Senior Project Immigration Obama’s Immigration Reform Xihara Rosario Class 172 Mrs. Prysler Northeast High School Outline 1. Introduction What is my topic? Why I chose it? What do I already know about my topic? What I expect to learn? 2. Body Definition of Immigration Types of Immigration The first habitants in United State were Immigrants Immigration reform issues right now Implements that reform needs to happen Immigration outcome and implications for Americans and immigrants Dream Act . Conclusion Conclusion about Immigration reform What I learned Introduction Do you know that the number of illegal immigrants in the United States was estimated at 11. 5 million in 2011 and now there are approximately 6. 8 million more? Obama believes we must fix the dysfunctional immigration bureaucracy and increase the number of legal immigrants to keep families together and meet the demand for jobs that employers cannot fill. For that reason he is proposing this Immigration Reform.The reas ons I chose this topic is because there are a lot of illegal immigrants that came to this country because in their counties do not exist a political decision that make their stay on their countries living a decent life that’s why they make them economic refugees. I know like everyone that most immigrants in the United States become immigrant searching a better life for themselves and their families, because here you can find a better future and the percentage of opportunities are higher. And in the last years immigrants are who have increased the United States economy.For that why immigrants cant be citizen more easily. I expect to learn at the end of this project what incentive and reasons, which make Obama, wants this Immigration Reform. And under what conditions would be made this reform because there are many people involved in this event. Body Definition of Immigration Immigration  is the movement of people into a country or region to which they are not native in order to settle there. Immigration is made for many reasons but the most common reason is for a better life. Types of Immigration -Temporary Visitor for Business -Long-Term Employment Citizenship -Illegal Immigration The first habitants in United State were Immigrants The first habitants in America were England’s colonist that immigrate from England and they found a piece of land and they called America passing the time more England’s colonist went to America because the land was more and ship. So England’s colonists were those who formed America. Immigration reform issues right now One of the many problems is that American citizens exploit immigrants, he said, â€Å" for decades American citizens have been exploiting the illegal immigrants we don’t want that anymore†.That means those illegal immigrants that they have been exploiting are who are increasing the U. S economy everyday. Their make America stronger, not weaker by their jobs. They need fix th e dysfunctional immigration and enable legal immigration so that families can stay together. And they want to move quickly before the illegal immigration gets worse. Obama did a mistake breaking his promise on immigration, blaming it partially on obstructionism from Republicans. For that Obama is looking for the best way to resolve this immigration problem.Obama thinks that the best way will be offering a complete solution in which everyone gets benefits. Implements that reform needs to happen The president wants to do everything organized and with a strong security in any process, he said â€Å"there are going to be a bunch of components to it, but I think whatever process we have needs to make sure border security is strong, needs to deal with employers effectively, need to provide a pathway for the undocumented here, needs to deal the dreams act kids†.They will enforce the law by preventing employers from hiring undocumented worker in that way minimize illegally immigratio n, making a plan with a migration based in the immigrant economy, and those who are here illegally, they have a responsibility as well. So they broke the law, and that means they’ve got to pay their taxes, they’ve got to pay a fine, they’ve got to learn English. And they’ve got to undergo background checks and a lengthy process before they get in line for legalization.They think that’s not too much to ask. Immigration outcome and implications for Americans and immigrants He expect to stop deportations of illegal immigrants who were brought to the United States before they turned 16 and are younger than 30 who also met other requirements, including not having a criminal history the president said â€Å" In the face of a congress that refuses to do anything on immigration,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  I will take action where I can. †So he expect to stabilize they immigrant economy and their jobs, so in that way they can be legal immigrants and work i n what they like, work without hiding themselves and be exploited for other people. The immigration reform will be the top priority in 2013. One thing is that president Obama made a promise in 2008, which one was never delivered. For that he wants a chance to correct his failures and the people gave him that chance for that he was re-elected for 4 more years.He wants that those illegal families can life together, that everyone who came here to get a better life that sometimes left their families in their country without any hope can get that better life, that here they can find what they are looking but that does not mean that those people who came here with a criminal history can be here like they do nothing those who have that case will be punishment can be here or in their country.At the end he wants a better future for all the people who live in United States of America. And they hope that this immigration reform can be done in 2013 that’s will be the priority in 2013. Im migrant believes in our president Barack Obama. Dream Act The dreams act is an  American  legislative proposal first introduced in the  Senate  on August 1, 2001, by Dick Durbin  and  Orrin Hatch. This bill would provide conditional  permanent residency  to certain undocumented residents of  good moral character  who graduate from U.S. high schools, arrived in the United States as minors, and lived in the country continuously for at least five years prior to the bill's enactment. On June 15, 2012, Obama  announced that his administration would stop deporting young undocumented immigrants who match certain criteria previously proposed under the DREAM ACT  however; this change in policy does not cover most individuals who arrived in the Unite States legally.On August 15, 2012, the same day that  United States Citizenship and Immigration Services began accepting applications under the Obama administration’s new  Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivalsà ‚  program, Arizona Governor  Jan Brewer  issued an executive order preventing the state of Arizona from issuing driver’s licenses and public benefits to young undocumented immigrants who receive deferred status and work authorization under the new program.In addition to driving privileges, Governor Brewer’s order bars undocumented immigrants who qualify for deferred action from receiving state-subsidized childcare, health insurance, unemployment benefits, business and professional licenses, and government contracts. Conclusion In conclusion yes should be an immigration reform because those immigrants that came for a better life have the right to seek a better life.Citizens’ people should agree with this immigration reform because we all will be benefice in that case because most illegals immigrants are those who are increasing the United States economy. In my opinion those illegal immigrants should have the right to be legal but that does not means that the y will be do whatever they want they need follow the laws that United States have. They cannot live like their lived in their country doing whatever they want, they should know that U.S is a different country which is governed by different laws and they need accept that. What I learned is that there are people who do anything for the simple fact of having a better life and those who have a good life here and they do not appreciate their life and never give thanks to God for all the things that they have and that they need to allow the citizenship to those good immigrants who have never had problems with the law or have a criminal record because this country is made of immigrant. Works citedCNN, L. (2012, June 15). facts on immigration in the united states. Retrieved from http://news. blogs. cnn. com/2012/06/15/facts-on-immigration-in-the-united-states/ De los Santos, M. (2012, September 15). Immigration reform: Why president Obama must make it a top priority in 2013. Retrieved from http://www. policymic. com/ Immigration and emigration. (2012, September 12). Retrieved from http://topics. nytimes. com/ Obama immigration reform: President says ‘we need to seize the moment' at press conference. 2012, September 14). Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/ Roach, T. (2012, august 09). Dream act. Retrieved from http://seattletimes. com/html/opinion/2018886755_guestdreamacttomroach10xml. ht ml U. s. immigration statistics. (n. d. ). Retrieved from (2012) http://www. gcir. org/immigration/facts/statistics Withe, D. (2012). Barack Obama’s courageous speech on immigration reform. Retrieved from http://usliberals. about. com/

Friday, August 30, 2019

History of Ireland

In the years after 1000 AD the cultural and social landscape of Ireland changed a great deal. The influx of foreigners in Ireland had intentions to control, settle, and exploit the people and land and had a profound effect on the otherwise autonomous peoples who existed there. Most people assume the first people to inhabit Ireland were the Celtic speaking natives, who arrived between 700 and 500 BC. However, the island has been inhabited since as far back as 8000BC when nomads crossed the Irish Sea from continental Europe on ice bridges. Before the arrival of any other groups in Ireland the people of the island were very inward looking and not concerned with the events which took place in the rest of Europe. This paper will detail the effects that the newcomers had on the physical and social climate of Ireland and especially how and why the English were able to establish a control over the island which lasted for over 800 years. The primary unit of the Irish society was the family, each having its own lands. The source of power which gave rise to kingships and other forms of authority was cattle or other livestock given to families for use on their lands. In return for this families pledged their loyalty and services to their superior, such as in battle. As a result cattle became the measure of wealth and not lands as it was in the rest of Europe. 2 There was no single authority in Ireland to whom all answered; rather, historians noted any number of kingships on the island at any time. The kings were constantly fighting amongst themselves in an attempt to gain power and wealth. Perhaps even more divisive was the infighting amongst their own families; often, even brothers would fight each other dividing the established hierarchy. This created increased divisions between competing clans on the island and made any attempt to rule over it seemingly impossible as no Irishman was able to accomplish it. The Irish are naturally an open-minded and accepting people who have great respect for other cultures and traditions. The best example of this mentality is the spread of Christianity which St. Patrick introduced there beginning in 432AD. It must be noted that the spread of Christianity in Ireland was bloodless, unlike in many other parts of the world. By peacefully accepting the new faith, elements of openness and tolerance are evident in their natural character. The Irish people's actions were morally based on tradition and precedents set by their ancestors. They followed tradition very strictly when they warred with each other or had other disputes. Places such as monasteries were considered sacred, due to their strong belief in Christianity, and not to be interfered with when fighting took place. When a battle was won, the victor did not win the lands because tradition required that they stay in the possession of the family who tended them. Instead, loyalty and influence was won. This shows the respect land held in Irish society, it could be said that land was too sacred to become a pawn in the games of warring men. The first record of a strong foreign presence in Ireland came in 795 AD when Vikings arrived. It was reported that heathens had come ashore to loot and kill. 5 Throughout the forty years that followed sporadic raids were reported in all parts of Ireland as the Vikings sailed inland on the rivers and continued to attack coastal settlements. Similar raids were occurring at the same time in England and eventually it became evident to local populations on both islands that the goal of the raiders was shifting from bounty to settlement. 6 By the year 841 AD, the Vikings had established their own settlements on the island called Longphorts. These settlements were located on key waterways and used as a base from which to launch further attacks on the inland settlements of Ireland and on other areas of Europe, especially the island of England. Settlements included what are now major urban centers of Ireland such as Waterford and Dublin, which was founded in 852. These towns proved to be an important development as they would become forever sources of the wealth associated with trade. After establishing themselves permanently in Ireland the Vikings became much more vulnerable to counter attacks from native peoples and soon became part of the infighting which took place between all who inhabited Ireland. 7 Due to the changing condition of their homeland the Irish people had become more advanced and inline with the developing societies of Europe. They had been describe as â€Å"Tribal, rural, hierarchical and familiar† (In the sense of being family orientated) by one scholar but were quickly losing these traits. 8 Where it was once impossible to control lands or the kingdoms of other families, Irish leaders began to claim these kingdoms and lands in their name. Kings would capture Norse towns and hold them as their own; such acts were previously unheard of. 9 These actions occurred because the Norse had no knowledge of, or respect for the customs which were previously in place. Therefore, if the Irish wished to hold off the ever-expanding foreigners, their towns would have to have been overtaken and held. As a result of the importance of holding lands and towns a feudal system began to develop in parts of Ireland. . It is not reasonable to expect the Irish to show the traditional respect to an enemy who showed none in return. The effects of the Viking influence on Irish tradition can easily be seen in how the natives fought their wars after the arrival of the outsiders. No longer were certain things, such as monasteries, sacred and not to be interfered with. The Vikings upon first arrival were not Christian and so had no comprehension of the sanctity of monasteries, rather, they saw them as sources of great wealth and bounty. In order for the Irish to remain competitive in war they had to rebut in the same fashion. They did so by neglecting their traditions and attacking monasteries in Viking held positions. Viking kingdoms were established and were as active in the wars on the island as the clans who fought each other before their arrival. As intermarriage blurred the distinguish ability of Viking communities from native communities the people were divided less and less by race and more by kingdoms with none becoming dominant over the island as a whole. By the 1150s the Vikings had become much less a foreigner as a people who were establishing their own kingdoms on the island which the three predominate families of the island tried to rule over The most notable Norse Kingdom is that of Dublin where the Vikings traded with much of Europe. 10 It was during such a time that the English presence began in Ireland. In 1166 Dermot MacMorrough, a King of Leinster and Dublin, appealed to King Henry II of England to help him in his quest to regain his thrown and ultimately become king of all Ireland. The families he had ruled over did not whole-heartedly support him. As a result, when he stole the wife of another Irish king, O'Rourke of Breffni, the peoples who were to support him had an excuse not to. He was ousted in what had become a routine power shift like many which had occurred over the previous two centuries and was banished. In his mind he felt abandoned by his allies and so he looked to England for help in regaining his position. 11 He went to England because he had influential contacts there whom he met while they were trading in Dublin, as many people from all over Europe did at that time. 12 Henry II, who was fighting his own wars in France, agreed to help with his own motives in mind. He realized the value of the trade rich coastal cities such as Dublin and Waterford and realized Dermot would be in his debt should his attempt at restoration be successful. Henry himself was not able to help due to the battles he was involved with at the time. He drafted a letter addressed to all his subjects, who were many as he was the most powerful king in Europe at the time. In it he stated his approval for the cause of Dermot and encouraged all to aid him realizing that they went in his name. 13 Equipped with the letter of endorsement Dermot set out to recruit the force with which he would conquer Ireland. Using monies loaned to him by his wealthy friends and giving promises of lands and titles to those who helped him he was able to muster a small force. He was also able to assure promises of more men in the coming years from someone who would become a predominant figure in the years to come, Richard fitz Gilbert also called Strongbow. This man was eager to help because he was out of favor with Henry as he did not support him in the English Civil War. To Strongbow Dermot promised his daughter in marriage, making him the heir to whatever territories they gained. Using his new allies, Dermot returned in 1167 and reinstated himself in his old capital where for the next two years he waged small scale wars against his old enemies. As his enemies were still pre-occupied fighting each other he was able to regain most of his former lands and to live in peace as he awaited his next wave. 14 Having been the first Irishman to look to England for help in Ireland he was branded â€Å"Dermot of the foreigners† and is still considered the greatest traitor in Irish history as his invitation marked the beginning of the end of Irish sovereignty in the minds of many Irish. 15 It is tragic that the Irish peoples continued to fight against one another even after knowing that Dermot had aligned himself with the most powerful King Europe. Should they have worked together to throw off the English the course of Irish history would have undoubtedly been different. They would have saved themselves from the centuries of horror and catastrophic neglect which were to follow. As promised, Dermot's new allies arrived in Ireland in 1170 numbering nearly 2000 men. These newcomers held a tremendous advantage over the natives in the form of their advanced weapons. They possessed archers which proved to be an essential part of their success in the conquests that followed. They soon gained control of strategic coastal cities where they established themselves and expanded from, mostly winning territories on the eastern half of Ireland and proceeding westward. 16 The Character of Dermot is one dominated by greed and selfishness but also fierce determination. In the city of Waterford Strongbow married Dermot's daughter and secured his place as heir. Having effectively given what had become the highest position in Ireland to a foreigner it is easy to see why Dermot is seen as a traitor. Another account tells of how Dermot abandoned his own son for power. As a condition for peace upon his arrival he gave his son to one of his enemies to be held as assurance that Dermot would not go on the offensive. 17 Knowing that his son would be killed he pressed on anyway. These actions show the greed and self-fulfilling character of Dermot, he wished to be King of the Irish at any cost. He cared only about his time and did not bother himself with what would become of his kingdom after his death when he could not personally benefit. Following Dermot's death in 1171 Strongbow assumed control, however it was not a smooth transition. Many natives did not recognize him as a legitimate king and rebelled against his authority. Strongbow was able to maintain control but it became increasingly difficult for him after Henry II, who was still unsure of his loyalty and motives, took measures to limit Strongbow's control and future successes. Henry cut off supplies and reinforcements fearing Strongbow would establish a powerful rival regime so close to England. As a result the new regime had difficulty fending off the Irish who resented his presence and authority and they spent more time fending off attackers than expanding their influence. 8 Henry was not confidant that Ireland was under his control or that it did not pose a future threat even after Strongbow reaffirmed his loyalty to him and submitted the conquered lands to him. Henry decided to travel there and ensure that his objectives were accomplished; he was surprised and encouraged by the accomplishments of his countrymen and was confident that the entire island could be brought under his control. There is evidence to suggest Henry anticipated battle as he brought with him the largest English army to date, 5000 men, and provisions to last them for months. 9 It is difficult to imagine the state of mind the Irish were in while anticipating the arrival of Henry, they would have undoubtedly realized the threat he posed to them and the power he possessed. The fear of what was to come would have weakened the resolve of the forces still trying to fend off the existing English. Henry finally arrived in Waterford in 1171 and became the first English king to set foot on Irish soil and immediately received the appropriate respect from the Irish. 0 The presence of his army was more useful than their skills or techniques as they did not have to fight a single battle. All leaders of Ireland, except one high-king in the north-west, submitted to Henry knowing that if a battle was fought, they would not win. Due simply to his superior army Henry was able to conquer almost the entire island without fighting a single battle. Upon leaving Ireland Henry made his son John Lord of Ireland under who the leaders who had submitted to Henry ruled. When John became King of England Ireland was incorporated into the English Kingdom. The implications of theses events would be felt throughout the rest of Ireland's history. 21 When Henry II departed Ireland with poise he left behind him a new form of Ireland. Some new concepts were simple such as new foods he had introduced in an attempt to impress the subjugated Irish kings at a lavish dinner. He also effectively pushed most Irish and Viking inhabitants out of Dublin22. Others were more fundamental to the Irish way of life. A more strict enforcement of the evolving Christian church form was to take place in Ireland where it had not been adopted. This was made possible because now the church could spread a uniform throughout a single Kingdom. The new form of the church was adopted by the Irish and has shaped the faith of the Irish ever since. Even later when the English reformed and become Protestant the Irish remained Catholic. 23 This fundamental divide has shaped relations between Ireland and her authority to the current time. It is seen in the bitter relationship between the Catholic Irish Republic and the Protestant Northern Ireland, which remains part of Great Britain even now. This difference was a focal point of the separation of the two in 1922 as many inhabitants Northern Ireland were of English backgrounds whose ancestors had settled there and been upper-class citizens. The concept of feudalism was spread after Henry departed, this would prove to be a source of discontent among the Irish for the remainder of their subjugation. Two English Lords were appointed by Henry, given lands which belonged to Irishmen. They established feudal regimes in their territories as the remaining Irish kings continued in their traditional fashion. 4 Eventually, despite strong political and physical opposition from the Irish, the concept was spread throughout the entire island and the plight of the Irish took full effect. The fact that the Irish, along with their customs and heritage, were thrown aside in order for the egos and greed of the Kings men to be satisfied is unsettling. The English portrayed the Irish as uncivil and barbaric, but to in reviewing the English beha vior treatment of the natives a paradox is seen. Henry also began a long and merciless neglect and exploitation of the Irish people and their land and crop rights. All Irish Kings and English Lords he had put in place had to pay a tax to him. The payment of this tax would become another focal point in English-Irish relations. The most evident example of this came in 1845-1847 when many Irish were forced to leave their homelands due to famine. The potato famine caused over one million people to leave from 1847-1851 and the deaths of tens of thousands due to starvation. 25 The Irish starved because they were forced to export their crops, such as corn, to England as a tax. In most years this left them with little more than potatoes to eat and when they did not grow the deprivation took its toll. If the taxes have been forgiven in these years the displacement and death of over a million Irish could have been prevented. The Irish world was self-concerned and to an extent underdeveloped before the arrival of any foreign people, when power was finally returned to the Irish people in 1922 the entire landscape had changed. The distressing point in this fact is that the Irish had very little to do with shaping their country for over 800 years, instead it was shaped by the prerogatives of outsiders. The foreigners to settle in Ireland did also leave some positive marks such as key cities, trade partnerships, and the development of Irish nationalism. The most apparent sign of English influence today is that they remain the highest authority in Northern Ireland. If any lessons are to be learned from how the Irish handled the arrival of the Vikings and the English it is that a country divided against itself will fall. If they have worked together the fate of the Irish people, and Europe, would have been much different.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Alcohol and Family Violence Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and Family Violence Essay Alcohol and family Violence has been an issues with families for many years, these are two demons that some just can’t break, families have been experiencing the traumatic of one’s physical uncontrollable actions. Alcohol has become one’s stress reliever in all views that it began to take over one’s way of thinking and reaction, this is ways individuals express their evil thoughts and the sad thing it that the abuse of alcohol has a domino effect on their children’s as they become adults and parents later in life. If community members understand violence differently, their responses may be inconsistent and even harmful to victims. (Advocate. Minnesota, (2003)). Almost 6,500 children across the world have been a victim of family violence which leads up to being in a single parent home, One in three children globally (30%) said as leader of their country; they would tackle violence by improving law and order. For children in developing countries, improving education (17%) was the next priority (compared with just 6% of children in developed countries). (2003). Child Fund.) Finally, a 1991 study in the United States found that the average amount of alcohol consumed prior to the use of violence was only a few drinks, which â€Å"suggests that the act of drinking may be more related to woman abuse than the effect of alcohol.† Two other studies indicate that drug use is more strongly correlated to domestic violence than is alcohol. (2003). Child Fund.) Improving their self-esteem, they abuse the victim physically, emotionally, and sometimes, sexually. Another key factor in wife abuse is alcohol. When the man is stressed, he turns to alcohol to relieve it. Little does he know that the alcohol makes him more irritable? â€Å"He started really drinking excessively and that is when the abuse started. He had been drinking I sat down to read the paper and he wanted his supper . . . he kicke d the cat to the ceiling, he started slapping my face with both hands,† (Berger, 1990, pg. 42). So, if you’re in an abusive relationship what is the best way to get out and stop of the battering abuse? After notorious acts of abuse, usually, the woman will finally realize that the situation will never get better. Basically there  are three basic reasons why women leave a violent relationship: Educated themselves about the necessary available help, being faced with the impact on their children (mentally, physical, sexually and courage to know when enough is enough) and women having a tolerance level of abuse. (Berger, 1990, pg. 48). Family Violence is Willfully or knowingly placing, or attempting to place, a family member in fear of hurt, causing hurt, wrongful confinement or restraint against the family member’s will or continual harassment which causes anguish.. A family member can be your spouse or ex-spouse, child (including adopted and step child), sibling, parent or in-law. Now there are many factors that contribute to family violence, the most commonly see n are the characteristics of the abused and the abuser. There is no one specific country or culture that is more abusive than another, abuse is spread across countries, cultures, socio-economic statuses, races, religion and ethnic groups (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott & Kennedy, 2009). For example, one may be very educated and well-kept but if unable to control behavior caused by emotions, he may be abusive. While if one may be poor and lowly educated, if he is well controlled in his behaviors and emotions, he will then not be abusive. More often, in cases of child abuse, the abuser usually a parent, father or mother, could be one who may be in situations of stress or someone who simply cannot control their emotions, anger. In a paper written by Professor Harry J. Gaynor (1998), in 1,356 cases of child abuse reported by National Burn Victim Foundation, there were 176 spontaneous cases, of which 97% of them are parents that are known to have aggressive response behavior. There are two kinds of aggressive response, active and passive. Active aggressive behaviors do not have concern over the impact that anger will have to the abused, this translates to actions of hurting the abused verbally, could be hurling hurtful words, humiliating, and physically, hitting the abused. While the passive aggressive response behaviors are those that have cooped up, suppressing negative emotions of a length of time and a blow up or breakdown can be expected, this translates to behavior of neglect and not paying attention to the abused (Gaynor, 1998). Children are victims of adult’s uncontrollable behavior of anger. As much as we blame abusers, and we should look at their background and past, that when they were children were tormented as well. Baltimore County, Maryland Police Department (2012),  shared some facts about child abusing inmates, that 84% of them were abused as children, families with more than four children have higher rates of abused and neglect, more than 80% of the abusers are parent or someone the child is close to and parents on drugs is physically abused regularly. There are parental histories and the cycle of abuse that we have to factor into the characteristics of the abuser. Many of these individuals who are maltreating their own children were victims of abuse and neglect themselves. (Goldman et al., 2003). There is no major difference in percentage of perpetrators being female or male. An apparent close percentage of 50% and 58% of mothers and fathers are found to abuse their own children. However, while single mothers are accused of child neglect, many fathers who abandon the child are almost never considered in the neglect (Newton, 2001). Abuse often happen in environment or family situation where it is overcrowded, usually happens with families with more than four children. If the living conditions are cramped and isolated and parents do not hold proper stable jobs, the chances of abuse in those families, whether parent-child or sibling abuse may occur (Baltimore County, Maryland Police Department, 2012). From the Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders (n.d.), some causes of abuse at times are simply due to parent’s ignorance of developmental stages. This ignorance can lead to frustration and eventually aggressive behaviors. They are under stress because their child has issues with toilet training or not meeting their expectations. Understanding developmental stages can help parents to understand their child’s learning curve better and they will learn to cope with their expectation. Another cause is mental disorders, parent with depression, personality disorders or anxiety disorder etc., can affect their ability to care for their children. The abused, children as the focus, can contribute toward family violence toward themselves and they may never know it. Disabled children, children with mental disorders, children with development disorders, hyperactive children are all at a higher risk compared to a healthy child in receiving abuse. These children have needs that are special, if they do not attain required needs, manner of communication from them can be highly distressing. According to Sullivan (1996) from the Boys Town National Research Hospital, children with disabilities are found to be at greater risk of abuse and neglect compared to children without disabilities (Official Journal of the American Academy  of Pediatrics, 2001). Children with disabilities of any form may be unable to retort, have no understanding that they are abused or cannot communicate the happenings of the abuse may have issues because adults know that they can get away with it because their abuses will not be reported. Knowing one can get away with it makes it easier to push through the abuse compared to risking the child complaining to others about the abuse. Children although still the ultimate victims whether or not they are the cause of the abuse and abused children and the abuser may have much effect in the society. There are long term effects surrounding family violence and any forms of family violence have effects to both the abused and the abuser. Some of the effects are physical and neurobiological, cognitive and emotional and social and educational. First, physical and neurological damages are the visible effects on a child, direct trauma from physical abuse can cause ruptured organs and even possible brain deformity or retardation. Neglect will cause the child to be underfed and/or nutritional deficit, the child will have slow growth rate and development of the physical and brain would be unhealthy. This makes deficient in mental growth as well. Repeated trauma produces changes in the neurochemistry of the brain that affects memory formation. This causes the person to will time to time continually getting flashbacks of fragmented memories of emotions throughout their life. Cognitive and emotional damages are relative unseen. Some children resort into extreme methods to deal with the trauma tic experiences. Some lash out at people around them and themselves. Some become depressed and do things that make them feel better, example by taking drugs and alcohol, some even go to the extent of attempting suicide. Bonding and attachments with their parents or people in general may cease and understanding of the abusing behavior might become permanent if assistance does not come. Children that have been abused also show no concern when someone else is under distress, they may even result to behave in ways like hitting the other child the same way their abuser did to them (Sigelman & Rider, (2012). A social and educational effect becomes obvious when the child become less sociable or not sociable at all, isolating himself. The child may also become distrustful toward people in general making them unable to properly have a normal relationship. Due to this, the child will grow up having issues with self-esteem, have low level of confidence. Behaviorally, some children may  grow up to become abusive or they become isolated (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders, n.d.). Some of the children who do not seek and have support to recovery may consider what they have been through has normal and appropriate. This is how the cycle of abuse goes on. Abused children are often emotionally and physically in pain at school; hence they are unable to concentrate at what they have to do, leading to them falling behind their grades. They find it hard to make friends and hence either become a bully or get bullied at school as well. Because of this, teachers at school might see them as a problematic child if they are not aware of the happenings that are going on at home. With society (school) labeling them as problematic and being abused at home by parents they are likely to feel rejected by everyone. Intervention as a Human Services Professional I would suggest that all family members seek counseling to express all issues and get to the root cause of the problem. When children are involved seeing a therapist with the family and without the parents would be one of my intervention to help their family, I would also have the parents go to parenting classes. Advocate. Minnesota, (2003).Alcohol and Domestic Violence. www.umn.edu/hutments/svaw/ domestic/link/alcohol.htm Attorney-General’s Chambers (31 October 2009). Interpretation of this Part. In Women’s Charter (Chapter 353, Section 64). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

There's No Place Like Home - on Moon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

There's No Place Like Home - on Moon - Essay Example Unlike Cold War era, there is no maritime competition pushing superpowers ahead for such plans. So why is this increased interest in lunar exploration and lunar real estate The ever-increasing technical prowess and latest discovery of water ice in Polar Regions has fuelled interest of all. In this paper we explore the current trends of all such activity analyzing the feasibility of any moon habitat. Our aim is to give a realistic overview of advantages - disadvantages of such a project. Apollo program proved that manned mission to moon is very much feasible but the rock and dirt samples brought back were extremely low in lighter elements required for supporting life. This dampened enthusiasm for any lunar base project. However, in recent times, advocates such as National Space Society and the Moon Society cite the possibility of clean fusion power from Helium 3 fuel mined on the moon as a potential economic justification for a lunar base. Mining helium-3, a potential rich source of energy (could be used in futuristic fusion reactors on Earth that would generate electricity without producing nuclear waste) and harnessing it back to Earth would be a key priority in the moon exploration program. Such fusion technology could also power rockets for deep space travel in the future. This is how Peter Kokh in his Moon Society Paper gives justification for Human Presence on the moon:4 The Moon's far side also called the dark side of moon may be an ideal site for future radio astronomy as it is permanently shielded from the noisy Earth. Because moon is isolated from the Earth, it can be an ideal place for biologically hazardous experiments. In the vacuum like no atmosphere and no gravity condition of moon, some unique chemical and biological products such as life saving drugs may be producible. Scientists are optimistic about advances in other technologies such as nano-robotics in such environment. For future space exploration, the Moon can serve as a launching pad. The reason is that the escape velocity from moon is far less and cost of transportation of materials from Moon will be far cheaper when compared to any such mission from Earth. Kokh also highlights the importance of the involvement of private enterprise in such efforts. 3. Constraints involved in Lunar base programs For any life support system targeting Habitats for human exploration and presence on the Moon will require vastly expanded habitat research and design validation efforts.5 We have too many constraints for any such project. Availability of oxygen: Moon has no atmosphere and hence there is no question of oxygen present in atmosphere. However, there is a possibility to extract oxygen from the Ilmenite ore present on the moon. Scientists also propose an

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Poof Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poof - Essay Example First, it is evident that the play depicts men as traditionally violent and dictatorial especially against their wives and members of the female gender. Nottage depicts this from the first scene of the play with the violent shouting from Samuel commanding his wife to disappear. In this case, it is evident that the play depicts Samuel as a traditional man who abuses his wife all through despite the seriousness of what he identifies as mistakes. The traditional role of women doing everything for their men is evident whereby Samuel expects his wife to do all her chores and he cannot even engage in simple tasks such as picking up the shirts he will wear the following day (Nottage, n.d.). in doing this, Nottage appears to advance the traditional role of women as being ‘helpers’ to their husbands with their husbands playing a superior role than women, even in a society whereby women are increasingly competing with their male counterparts in various fields that were previously deemed as a forte for their male counterparts. Revisiting Loureen’s reaction following the disappearance of Samuel, it is evident that the play associates women with the traditional roles of child caring and housekeeping as the primary functions that women should play in a relationship, and most importantly in a marriage. Loureen tells her husband that he promised to be good once he came back and asks him to come back so that the two could sit down and iron out their issues. She thinks that she is responsible for the disappearance of her husband despite cursing him at the beginning of the play, which is indication that she has accepted her traditional female role, which is a theme that Nottage advances throughout the play. To some extent, the play appears to support the traditional aspect of women accepting to undergo abuse by their husband while accepting blame for situations that they did not have control over the outcome. In this case, women appear to be submissive to their husbands. The character of Florence, who is Loureen’s upstairs neighbor, further advances the traditional role of women as being dutiful to their husbands and being subordinates to their husbands. Her first expression after hearing of the purported murder was a feeling of pure illusion since she could not imagine that a woman had the capacity to confront their husband leave alone committing murder and killing their husbands. In this case, Nottage identifies women as traditionally powerless to their male counterparts with wives not given a chance to confront their husbands and express their emotions while disagreeing with the behavior of their husbands. In

Monday, August 26, 2019

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper - Essay Example People like leading life that is far from fear. Natural justice demands respect to human life and dignity. Freedom ceases when human life is under the fear of terror attacks. Terror attacks and threats of terror attack impact on economy of a country. My thesis will dwell on terrorism since it has been an issue of interest in the recent past with several terror attacks reported in many parts of the world. Many people fear security threat and would rather keep off from places that have security problems. People would be keen to listen to information regarding terrorism. Research indicates that businesses and human activities, which lead to economic development becomes victims of terror attacks at a given time of their operations. Terrorism attack in the United State has led to closure of several businesses and death of dozens of citizens (Bruck 28). It is quite unfair for innocent people to die merciless in the hands of people who do not wish to air their concerns in dignified manner. How would a person feel when an innocent child loses his life because of terror attack? The government security agencies endeavor to provide security to the citizens. Protection from terror attack must come first in top government agenda. Stable economy of United States depends on the security system of the country. Many investors are reluctant to invest in countries, which suffer from terrorist attack. Terror risk deprives people from achieving natural justice. Terrorist acts fail to acknowledge respect for human dignity and rights. Institution of governments among people aims to provide checks and balances in human authority and activities. United States cannot progress when terrorism rule the society. It will water the progresses that the country has made. The society has viewed terrorism as a suicide attack for a very long time. Changes in technology have introduced new strains of terrorism in the society. These strains include biological terrorism, chemical terrorism and inform ation warfare. Information warfare is an act that would leak basic security information of a country thereby exposing the country to attack by the terrorist. This form of terrorism is quite recent and very difficult to control. United States is a superpower and would harbor information which when leaked would expose the country to security risks. Individuals who want the country to sympathize with their criminal acts would crack the information and expose it to the internet. On the other hand, biological or chemical terrorism would use the chemical technology to cause harm to the society. Manufacture of chemicals that would lead to massive death violates human rights. Death of innocent people is not acceptable. Biological engineering may result in formation of products that would lead to human death. The above forms of terrorism expose human life to risk thereby calling for protection against such. Researchers’ and database articles around the globe have shown that, societies have come up with means of airing their grievances. Terrorists approach to societal problems has attracted condemnation throughout the world. Countries feel insecure when terrorist are on the loose. The political system of the country would suffer on the hands of terrorist. The society expects the political government in office to take responsibility of providing security to the people (Bruck 78). When the government sounds a terror risk, the political system of the country becomes weak. The political responsibility demands that a

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Radio sounds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Radio sounds - Research Paper Example ENSO is a periodic climate pattern that occurs across the Pacific Ocean, primarily on the tropical band. The southern oscillation refers to the differences on the tropical part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. The cooling down of the southern oscillation (or oceanic phase) is termed La Nià ±a and the warming up is called El Nià ±o. Southern Oscillation also refers to air surface pressure on the tropical part of the Western Pacific Ocean. These two variations occur by pairs: El Nià ±o, or the warm oceanic phase, is accompanied by high air surface pressure in the Western Pacific and the La Nià ±a, or the cold oceanic phase, is accompanied by low air surface pressure, also in the Western Pacific. These differences and oscillations can cause extreme weather conditions such as floods and droughts. This occurs in different parts of the world. The countries that are mostly agricultural, like most Third World countries along the Pacific Ocean that depend of crops for food and fishing, are the ones that are mostly affected. However, the popular term of ENSO is just El Nià ±o, or Little Boy in Spanish. This is because the people in South America observed that the phenomenon occurs around Christmas, and the Little Boy refers to Jesus Christ. La Nià ±a is called so because it is opposite the meaning of El Nià ±o. La Nià ±a means Little Girl in Spanish. Sometimes, it is called the â€Å"anti-El Nià ±o.† The La Nià ±a phenomenon is usually preceded by El Nià ±o. During La Nià ±a, the sea surface temperature in the tropical part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean would be lower than the normal value by 3 to 5 degrees Celsius (as opposed to El Nià ±o having high surface temperatures, in which the temperature of the waters increases by 0.5 degrees Celsius). If the temperature drop occurs for five months straight, that can be called La Nià ±a. The El Nià ±o phenomenon occurs longer from nine months to two years! La Nià ±a is not as famous

Free Speech Controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Free Speech Controversy - Essay Example The mother then reported the content of that book to a local news station known as KOAT, which was said to have been biased on how it reported the case. As the case remains undecided, the book may have been removed from the shelves of the library because they found out that it violated school district policies. She brought the book to the attention of other authority bodies such as the Public School officials from Rio Rancho who also agreed on the inappropriateness of the content. On one side of the debate are Catreena Lopez and the Public School officials who are against the book remaining at easy reach of under age students who should not be exposed to pornographic content. On the other side is CBLF that is fighting the challenge and ensuring that the school district of Rio Rancho abides by its pre-established challenge policy (Williams). This policy concerns requesting of reconsideration on library materials as well as the formation of a review committee that should decide the appropriateness of the book and whether it should remain in the library. In this case, the remedy being sought is amendment of the constitution. This is because the challengers would lose the case if the First Amendment stands behind the author of the work in question. The first amendment eliminates governmental constraints to speech implying that it is protecting the author of the book in question (First Amendment).This seems to imply that the only way the book can be kept completel y out of the library shelves is to amend the constitution and include clauses that would forbid the content in that book. Therefore, the challengers are seeking the amendment of the constitution to accommodate their claims of what inappropriateness is and may even prompt the removal of other materials if the amendment goes through. This is not the first time that such a case has been brought up but CNN also highlighted a

Saturday, August 24, 2019

OLD DOMINION TRAIL BIKES CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

OLD DOMINION TRAIL BIKES - Case Study Example All these information will propel Ted’s business further to the ladder of success. Ted’s business is involved leasing of bikes, ordering of new bikes from the supplier, keeping sales records and many other business activities. Technology for instance computerization of leasing process so that it can be done only can effectively impact positively on the business. The use of e-commerce in has revolutionized businesses around the world. Ted’s business can integrate an online shopping cat on their website so that customers are able to purchase their products irrespective of their geographical location. This will greatly increase the number of sales. Supply chain management (SCM) will enable Old Dominion Trail Bikes to smoothly carryout the entire operations of its interconnected sections of the business. It will enable Ted as the owner of the business plan, implement and carry out effective monitoring and evaluation of the performance of Old Dominion Trail Bikes. If Old Dominion Trail Bikes uses an effective CRM, it will be able to provide maximum support to their client while collecting relevant information about their tastes and preferences. As a result, the business will experience increase in sales. Before the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning, Ted will have to look at the resource his business has and the quality control of the plan. As such, Ted will have to plan for his business before taking any

Friday, August 23, 2019

Health Care Delivery and Insurance System Essay

Health Care Delivery and Insurance System - Essay Example This paper analyses the health care delivery system as to whether it is broken or not Even though there are more than 40 million Americans who are not insured but still a major part of the gross national product of the nation is spent on health care (Iglehart, 1999). If the present problem has to be solved then it is essential that some changes take place in a lot of health financing systems (New York Academy of Sciences, 2000, pp. 1-14). The system should be best in all ways which means that the use of medical dollars should be made in an efficient way with provisions for improved medical care ostentation and promoting innovation. The new system should also incorporate quality with efficiency in prices of health care along with productive competition. The present system of health care which is driven by market and the existent governmental semi-National Health Insurance (NHI) Medicare and other Medicaid programs do not meet the requisites of best health care provisions (Brodenheimer, 1999; Riley, 2001; Pear, 2002; Krugan, 2002). Many countries are in problems due to a single payer for the nationalized health care and regular deficiency of patient selection (Krauz, 2002). 8. Areas which require attention The following areas put forward by different authors require immediate attention by the Congress government: 1. The people belonging to uninsured groups and those who are underinsured should be given immediate attention. 2. Politically and combative prescribed welfares (Jensen and Morrisy, 1999; Perez, 2002). 3. Imbalanced tax handling for health funding should not be the criteria. 4. Insured do not have any alternative to plans and providers. 5. Wayward financial bonuses for the insurance industry(Austin, 1984; Kuttner, 1999; Newhouse et.all, 1981 and Krauz, 2002) 6. Low financed and mystified Medicaid plans (Pear, 2002). 7. Inadequate national clinical tests and deficiency in limitation of preventable mismanagement suits (Institute of Medicine, 2001). 8. Unreasonable rivalry by hospitals burdening their own patients with varied amounts for indistinguishable services should not be the objective. Also the discrepancy in the amounts charged by pharmaceutical companies to individuals and small organizations should be done away with (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Apart from those mentioned above there are many areas in the health industry which require immediate attention of the creators. The Congress should create tax incentives which are individual in nature with permitted universal disastrous coverage so that the above mentioned discrepancies are removed. Discussion With reference to the number of individuals who are not insured, it only means the American medical system is a complete failure. Actually whatever be the kind of Medicaid it must have a provision for unforeseen

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Implementing Change Essay Example for Free

Implementing Change Essay Implementing change among all organizations is necessary to achieve success; within the health care industry change is constant and it is the role of management teams to assess, plan, implement and evaluate change to ensure satisfaction. Considering this among the other aspects of running a successful organization it is essential to ensure that there is minimal resistance and familiarity to change. Demands of the consumers and staff as well as regulations are continuously changing. The responsibility of managers is to successfully lead these inevitable changes. As managers it is a priority to identify issues and potential opportunities. â€Å"Change is often planned to close a discrepancy between the desired and actual state of affairs. Discrepancies may arise because of problems in reaching performance goals or because new goals have been created. Opportunities demand change as much as (or more than) problems do, but they are often overlooked. Be it a problem or an opportunity, it must be identified clearly† (Sullivan, E.J. Decker, P.J., 2009). A manager should continually strive to assess the strengths and weaknesses of their staff and incorporate these observations into recommended improvements associated with change within the organization. This process could eliminate a great deal of staff resistance by commending their qualities to benefit them as employees and the organization as a whole. Within the health care industry there is constant change. It takes a tremendous amount of awareness, education, and planning from management teams to build and maintain an effective program that is sufficient. A good team will have the ability to recognize potential change in all aspects relating to an organization; medical professionals, patients, structural strength and regulation, and an ongoing list of other aspects. A quality management team can then take these observations and construct a plan to begin the implementation process. Stemming from the planning process comes the implementation phase. It should be considered that there is always room for improvement and take a team of motivated and persistent members to execute a continuous effort to better the quality of health care. A goal that is to be pursued is to always exceed the standard and expectations and always improve the quality of an organization. Strategies such as the power-coercive strategy, normative–reeducative strategies, or the empirical-rational model can assist managers in the implementation process. Also, a continuous quality improvement plan should include a link to key elements of the organization’s strategic plan, quality council made up of the institution’s top leadership, training programs for personnel, mechanisms for selecting improvement opportunities, formation of process improvement teams, staff support for process analysis and redesign, personnel policies that motivate and support staff participation in process improvement, and the most current and rigorous techniques of the scientific method and statistical process control (Sollecito, W. A., Johnson, J. K., 2013). Once change has been implemented management must then observe and evaluate the benefits and strains the staff and the organization are facing in order to ensure the success of the implemented change. Identifying any resistance or struggles with the implemented change should always be a priority of management to ensure continued success. â€Å"Resistance prevents the unexpected. It forces the change agent to clarify information, keep interest level high, and establish why change is necessary. It draws attention to potential problems and encourages ideas to solve them. Resistance is a stimulant as much as it is a force to be overcome. It may even motivate the group to do better what it is doing now, so that it does not have to change† (Sullivan, E.J. Decker, P.J., 2009). Initially change can be successful, but in many cases staff could lose motivation or overlook small glitches in the implemented changes. Through things such as incident reporting, generic occurrence screening, consumer and staff complaints and satisfaction surveys, and formal and informal discussion between managers and staff can evaluate and identify final changes to best benefit staff, management, and the organization as a whole. As a management team it is suggested to always be aware of not only individual organization but also occurring changes in organizations across the nation. By staying informed, the organizations and managers can always promise that there is a constant awareness of potential improvement found in all forms of health care across the nation, ensuring that a problem faced or benefit gained at another facility will never be overlooked. Quality can be greatly affected internally within an organization. Considering that internal factors can be monitored and controlled mainly from within, it is considerably easier to manage, though these factors have a much more direct and immediate effect on the organization where the management responsibility lies. Internal contributors that factor into quality outcomes include leadership styles, administrative policies, and organizational culture. These factors, if not performed to standard or with minimal empathy can cause stress among staff indirectly affecting the consumers. An unpleasant environment may lead to a low morale and dissatisfaction throughout the organization. (Suchman, A., 2001) Above all, management and staff must always have an open mind and an open heart concerning the consumers and the overall benefit of the organizations. Providing services and actually caring for staff are what sets apart the common from the exceptional manager and management team. By implementing these change processes will do just that. The constant change in the healthcare industry defines the role of management teams to assess, plan, implement and evaluate change to ensure satisfaction. Considering this among the other aspects of running a successful organization it is essential to ensure that there is minimal resistance and familiarity to change. â€Å"The capacities to do the redesign work, and to accept the results of the redesign, are perhaps the most important capability an organization can have and value† (Lagace, Martha, 2009). Demands of the consumers and staff as well as regulations are continuously changing. As successful managers it is essential to confidently lead the staff through inevitable change to ensure organizational success. Reference: Lagace, Martha (2009). Management’s Role in Reforming Healthcare. Retrieved from: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6202.html Sollecito, W. A., Johnson, J. K. (2013). McLaughlin and Kaluznys Continuous Quality Improvement in Health Care (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Suchman, A. (2001). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071231/ Sullivan, E.J. Decker, P.J. (2009). Effective leadership and management in nursing. (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Additional Comments: The paper—including tables and graphs, headings, title page, and reference page—is consistent with APA formatting guidelines and meets course-level requirements. Intellectual property is recognized with in-text citations and a reference page. Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed; spelling is correct. The paper does not make effective use of section headings. Total Available Total Earned 20 13.8

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Required Skills For Collaborative Learning Nursing Essay

Required Skills For Collaborative Learning Nursing Essay First of all, Collaboration learning is Inter-professional education which focuses on training all health care professionals the needed skills necessary to effectively learn and work inter professionally. Department of health (2000) was essential means for inclusion of inter professional learning and working as an agenda for health and social care. During the class seminars, I acknowledged that the skills taught in these lessons would be fundamental for a successful collaborative working in practice. I recognise communication, knowledge, beliefs, team working, and consent as the skills required from collaborative learning. Cooper et al (2001) supported that, the benefit of collaborative learning strategy and include the effects upon student knowledge, attitudes, skills and belief and particular on the understanding of professional roles and team working. Moreover, when I reflected back the scenario during the seminars, I realised that, reflection as a tool use to find out a new methods of delivery out a duty that may have been difficult. I discover some mistakes that were not obvious while I was tried to solve the case study myself. It can be argued that we learn more through physical experience rather than reading from a text book. Jasper (2003) indicated that, knowledge that we gain using reflective method is different from the assumption that provides the knowledge underpinning our practice. During the seminars, I joined student nurses, physiotherapist, radiographers, paramedics and social workers. When I reflected back on the case scenarios, I noticed that there were great communication mistakes within all the health professionals in their care delivery to Daisy in scenario 1. While reflecting I also notice that, there was lack of team working among the professionals. Kenny (2002) recommended that even if the principle of inter professional learning and working were emerging there was little evidence to suggest it was being embraced by the health care team in the practice areas. Furthermore, Communication skills are crucial in collaborative learning, it improves the care development and it ensures that all health professionals involved in the patients care are conscious of the patients condition and development. In practice communication is also essential to gain consent from patients in order to give them good health care such as personal care, and giving them injections. Code of Conduct (NMC, 2010), states that all nurses must use excellent communication and interpersonal skills. Their method of communication must always be secure, helpful, kindly and polite. The code also indicates that nurses ought to have the skill to work with service users to be able to deliver care. In practice I realise that keeping record is also a form of written communication. What health professionals write in the patients medical notes is vital information that needed to be shared with other health professionals. For example, In case scenario 2, it was the record keeping that reveal the numbers of times Timothy visited the A E. In Timothy case, he was been abuse by his own mother. Moreover, when admitting a new patient on to the ward one way of getting information about the patient is reading the previous medical notes. In addition, according to NMC (2010) record keeping of medical notes should always be in adequate detail, precise and all decisions prepared concerning the patients care ought be kept securely and recorded even if this was done as a form of written communication or over the phone. Patients notes should also explain why these decisions were made and who initiated these decisions. Patient or service user medical notes or care plans have to be complete as soon as possible therefore, the time and dates should always be stated, referrals should constantly be integrated and reassessments should be made and confirmed by all the health professionals involved in the patients care. In addition, original records should never be altered or tampered with in any way. Nurses must also carefully explain all the treatment or touching that will occur when obtaining consent (Griffith and Tengnah, 2010). Moreover, upon reflecting on the case scenario 2, the five years old boy who was abuse by his own mother? I realise that, for the boy to be protected, all the inter professional will have to work together. This indicate that team working which is been applied in my practice is very important within all health certain. It has been said that, government legislation and policies have introduced partnership working for health and social care, which led to inter professional team working becoming the preferred model for working (Quninney 2006). Hall (2005) also support team working is about professionals carrying out their role, while working in collaboratively with other professional to achieve common goal. Team working also promote effective ways of meeting the needs of patient / Service users. However, in practice I observed that continuing professional in a multidisciplinary team has a helpful impact on how flourishing the health professional work inter-professionally. My viewpoint of being professional is: respecting confidentiality and having a non-judgemental approach, regarding all service users and given that equal opportunities, safeguarding all service users, and maintaining a professional therapeutic relationship, with the service users as well as respecting, the job role of other health professionals. Kasar, et al (1996) suggest that being professional they commonly, anticipate professional arrangement, presentation, Initiative, empathy, administration, teamwork, decision-making and excellent verbal and written communication skills. Even though, inter professional working or team work among professional create a wider safety net to avoid vulnerable children and adult at risk from slipping from through the safety between health social cares. However, Hallet and Thompson, (2001) argues that without team work the potential of practice governance is not achievable. Accountability was one of skills I gain from the collaborative learning during IPE seminars. All through in practice I found that when collaboratively working, the nurses were usually positive regarding the care of their patients. However, they were accountable for the decisions they made even if the decisions were made whiles working collaboratively. According to Griffith and Tengnah (2010) a registered nurse would be professionally and lawfully responsible for their conduct, in spite of of whether they are following the instruction of another. On the other hand, ethics is used to design to preserve respect and health, avoid mistakes, keep patient safe and defend the privacy of the patient / service user. I observed in practice that, as a student nurse, I must be of high integrity, be willing to developed professionally and have a good moral character. Thompson, Melia and Boyd (2000) explained that morals and ethics are terms often used to refer to social customs and explain their rights and wrongs, in theory and practice, of human behaviour. In practice, I observe that I have to treat each patient /service user as individual and equally, despite their race, social background, illness or their way of life. As is the duty of nurse is to show compassion and care to all patients. This entire attribute are due the guidelines in nursing (NMC 2008). In practice, I observed, there was one particular patient who was refusing treatment and all the necessary care for three weeks. I took the opportunity to apply my ethics; I was able to persuade him into accepting all the care provided for the sake his recovery. In conclusion, I have learned that collaborative learning can improve quality of care delivery to patient / servicers users. Through the skills and knowledge that was shared from the other inter-professionals. Communication and team work are very essential requirement skills to provide patient / service users good quality of life. Overall I have found it is very important to act in the knowledge as you can, to prevent any condition arising. I have been able to recognise my weaknesses that can now turn into strength. I believe now that I have learned a lot from this experience, with assurance that, it will make me better student nurse, importantly, be a qualify nurse. References: Cooper, H. Carlisle, C. Gibbs, T. and Watkins, C (2001) Developing an Evidence base for interdisciplinary learning. Department of Health (2001) Working Together Learning Together. Department of Health, London. Griffith, R. Tengnah, C. (2010) Law and professional issues in nursing. (2rd ed.) London Learning Matters Ltd Hall, P. (2005). Interprofessional teamwork: Professional cultures as barriers. Journal of Interprofessional Care. Jasper, M. (2003) Beginning Reflective Practice. London: Nelson Thornes Ltd. Kasar, J. Clark, N. Watson, D. Pfister, S. (1996). Professional Development Assessment. Unpublished form. Kenny, G. (2002) Inter professional working: opportunities and challenges Nursing Standard Marks-Maran, D. Rose, P. (1997). Beyond Art and Science- Reconstructing Nursing. London. Bailliere Tindall. NMC (2010) Standards for pre-registration Nursing Education London: NMC. NMC (2rd Edition), September. (2010). Guidance on professional conduct for nursing and midwifery student. Quinney, A. (2006) Collaborative Social Work Practice edited by Jonathan Parker and Greta Bradley Leaning Matters. Thompson, I. Melia, K. Boyd, K. (2000). Nursing ethics. London: Churchill Livingstone

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Has Globalisation Changed The Disposition Of Music Cultural Studies Essay

Has Globalisation Changed The Disposition Of Music Cultural Studies Essay To begin with the globalisation of music, we will have to understand that Intuitively, globalization is a process fuelled by, and resulting in, increasing cross-border flows of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture (Held et al. 1999:16). Sociologist Anthony Giddens (1990:64; 1991:21) proposes to regard globalization as a decoupling or distanciation between space and time, while geographer David Harvey (1989) and political scientist James Mittelman (1996) observe that globalization entails a compression of space and time, a shrinking of the world. The discourses over globalization of music constructed over these debates of Giddens and Harvey. When we talk about globalisation, we are in a sense talking about unity of the states across the globe. How this unity is brought up? Then how does it link the states together? What are the major contributors in this unification process? Along with a myriad of intellectuals I will also sum- up with an answer, global- culture. However, it is one of the measures required for the unification process. One set of theorists, who are pro-global- culture say, that the global culture is making the world closer and more united. The people of the world are combining their differences and being more cooperative towards one and other. This process of emerging global culture can be seen in times of need when everyone has pulled together to strive for peace and freedom. Although, there exists a wide range of religions of which people are becoming tolerant, forming a homogenised society. If we say that the global culture is the synonym of the common culture, then there are wide range of opinion on it. Wight uses the term common culture so loosely that it is unclear whether he has in mind a deep, historic sense of culture, or the more superficial agreed rules that compose a contractual society. (James 1993: 277-8) Alan James, System or society?, Review of International Studies 19: 3, 1993. I argue that to certain extent global culture is a common culture among the people of the world. Worldbeat is a term for various styles of world popular music, or pop, that are practiced outside the European-American mainstream. The Popular music (music produced and marketed on a mass-commodity basis) first emerged in the early 1900s, during which time numerous distinctive popular music styles began to develop around the world. The rise of such genres was linked to dramatic transformations-especially urbanization and modernization-occurring throughout the world. Such changes disrupted traditional attitudes, lifestyles, and forms of artistic patronage, while creating new urban social classes with new musical tastes. As per Terence Lancashire, The term world music usually conjures up images of musics from remote corners of the world. However, that remoteness is not always geographical and can. The formal emergence of world music in 1987 as a commercial gloss denoting a body of music which hitherto defied conventional categorisation namely musics other than popular and classic forms from North America and Western Europe or, alternatively, the incorporation of such musics into Western popular genres, has met with a variety of responses from musicologists/ethnomusicologists seeking to clarify the dynamics that underlie the production and reception of world musics and the related and sometimes indistinguishable genres of new age and healing. Regional case studies and overviews (e.g. Frith 1991; Keil and Feld 1994; Taylor 1997) often draw attention towards the relationship between the West and the rest where production and presentation of non-Western music has often meant some form of Western control in terms of discovery, production, marketing and distribution. Accusations of cultural exploitation and appropriation have, therefore, often run central to the debate on what appears to be yet another dimension of that unbalanced and uneasy relation between the first and third worlds. In reality, the question of who is exploiting whom is often a complicated one as non-Western musicians find access to markets hitherto only dreamt of. Nevertheless, in order for such musical projects to be realised, financial backing is essential and it is here that resources are, more often than not, concentrated inthe West. Thus, a music flow from south to north and east to west seems to define the world music equation. Yet, there are other players who, through cultural ambiguity, occupy an alternative arena less easily defined. Economic development in the Far East, coupled with rapid modernisation, has meant the emergence of countries which share similar economic goals, cultural interests and perce ptions with the West but, resulting from other cultural differences, most obviously language, are not so often included in debates on musics both popular and world. (Lancashire: 21) Globalisation, which generally implies westernisation and the Asianisation of Asia, is often posited to be a culturally, economically, technologically and socially homogenising force in the distribution of music, whilst localisation refers to the empowerment of local forces and the (re)emergence of local music cultures. These two notions of globalisation and localisation seem to be mutually contradictory, posing a fundamental dilemma for the understanding of the transformation of popular cultures into global forms. As argued by Law (forthcoming), the debate between globality and locality, or between homogeneity and heterogeneity in globalisation discourse, could be regarded as a product of similar antagonisms in the literature of development concerning theories of modernisation, dependency and world systems. Although there is no clear definition or model of globalisation (Hirst and Thompson 1996), its discourse attempts to theorise the phenomenon in terms of The temporal and spatial compression of human activities on the globe, to recognise, explore and explain the interaction and interdependence of economics, politics and cultures beyond local, regional and national boundaries, and to predict possible influences on human activities (Law, forthcoming, also see, for example, Featherstone 1995; Comeliau 1997; Poisson 1998; Jones 1999; Crawford 2000; Croteau and Hoynes 2000). Cohen (1995) suggests that locality could be most usefully used in popular music studies to discuss networks of social relationships, practices, and processes extending across particular places, and to draw attention to interconnections and interdependencies between, for example, space and time, the contextual and the conceptual, the individual and the collective, the self and the other (p. 65). In this respect the local is defined by reference not only to a community, but also to a shared sense of place within global culture. Globalisation promotes the meeting of musical cultures, whilst sim ultaneously encouraging regional differences. Local popular industries perceive their potential audience in international terms, and local pop markets are now awash with global sounds, since, as Wallis and Malm (1984) maintain, globalisation encourages popular musical practices to look towards global styles for possible inspiration, whilst also looking inwards to (re)create national music styles and forms. For decades, critics have depicted the international circulation of American and British pop as cultural imperialism. Yet US-American and British youth have increasingly been shaped by Asian cultural. Similarly, there is wide-spread recognition of the willingness amongst popular musicians to create novel forms that express a widespread experience of dislocation (Jenkins 2001, p. 89). For example, contemporary Afro-pop sometimes combines the electric guitars of Western rock and roll with melodies and rhythms of traditional African music, whilst Western rock drummers have long adopted a tradition from Africa whereby the sounds of different drums are combined (Croteau and Hoynes 2000, p. 333). Jenkins (2001) describes such musical eclecticism as the product of third culture youths, who fuse elements from mixed racial, national or linguistic backgrounds. Although the big international music companies affect local production, their markets are also influenced by particular local cultures. So, globalisation signifies more than environmental interconnectedness, and the meaning of musical products with global features strikes at the heart of the major social and political issues of our time. This is how Bennett (1999) represents the attempts to rework hip hop as a localised mode of expression by Turkish and Moroccan youth in Frankfurt. Economic globalisation is often con sidered to undermine the local foundations of the popular culture industry. The flow of capital through transnational monetary tems and multinational companies means that words, ideas, images and sounds of different cultures are made available to vast networks of people through the transmission of electronic media. Among the most prominent multinational electronic media companies are two Internet partnerships MusicNet, involving AOL, RealNetworks, EMI, BMG and Warner; and Duet, incorporating Yahoo!, Universal and Sony. The two most recognised online music providers so far, Napster and MP3.com, have also linked up with record companies (Source: http://www.grayzone.com/ifpi61201.htm). Furthermore, the international division of labour and the global circulation of commodities have ensured that processes of production and consumption are no longer confined to a geographically bounded territory. Consequently, economic globalisation has been characterised as the deterritorialisation. ( H o: 144) (Appadurai 1996) or denationalisation (Sassen 1996) of nation-states. Global economic forces reside in global networks that link different nations and cultures in profit-maximising webs of production, leading to the transformation of all sectors of all state economies and their mutual accommodation in the global context (Crawford 2000, pp. 71-2). Negus (1999) maintains that the global market is a concept that has to be constructed in a particular way to target the most profitable categories of music within the recording industry (p. 156). However, as we have seen, the (re)emergence of local cultures competes with global factors in a process that Morley and Robins (1995) refer to as the new dynamics of re-localisation in The attempt to achieve a new global-local nexus, about new and intricate relations between global space and local space (p. 116). Levitt (1983) explains that localisation is practised by multinational companies insofar as they must have a committed operating presence in the markets of other nations. However, electronic communications have also enabled the global broadcasting of messages of universal peace and love, and, in the case of www. indymedia.org, have even served as anti-capitalist noticeboards. Anderson (1983) suggested that the nation depends for its existence upon a sense of social- psychological affiliation to an imagined community, which was facilitated by the emergence of the mechanical printing press and consequent capital investment (Negus and Roman-Velazquez, 2000, p. 330). Similarly nowadays, global electronic communications can evoke a sense of a trans-national imagined community. In music, an example can be well illustrated by the 11 September 2001 tragedies in New York and Washington D.C. The US-American national anthem was thundered Not only all over the States but also in other countries, such as at St Pauls Cathedral in London. Whitney Houstons record company intends to re-release her version of the US-American national anthem that was produced ten years ago during the Gulf War. International popular artists such as U2, Britney Spears, Limp Bizkit and Destinys Child, worked together for the album Whats Going On, the market profits from which will be donated to funds for the relief of the families of victims of the tragedies of September 11. John Lennons Imagine, which evokes a world free from all state boundaries, has now become popular even in some non-English speaking regions, and was sung by all the artists involved in the Carlsbergs Rock Music Concert held in Hong Kong on 24 September 2001, who also prayed for those who died in the disaster two weeks earlier. Globalisation and localisation are in a dynamic dialectic. Globalisation is a process of local hybridisation that determines a great number of processes that change and even transcend the regional and national characteristics of popular music. Current debates about globalisation in popular music show that local actors become increasingly involved in global flows of meanings, images, sounds, capital, people, etc. Through the technology of global networks, new affinity group formation emerge, centring on particular musical styles and ways of expression. Economic globalisation always has cultural effects on the localisation of popular music. (Ho: 146) Hudson and Cohen bring out the detail of local musical cultures, the way in which music, produced through and producing space, may act as social glue.(431) Does globalisation of music produce convergaence? The very first argument for the present paper is the consequences of the globalisation of music as to the convergence of societies towards a uniform pattern of cultural organization. AS expressed in modernization theory, the spread of markets and technology is predicted to cause societies to converge from their preindustrial past, although total homogeneity is deemed unlikely. The sociologists reject the convergence debate by arguing that globalization homogenizes without destroying the local and the particularistic. For example, Viviana Zelizer (1999) about the economy that it differentiates and proliferates culturally in much the same way as other spheres of social life do, without losing national and even international connectedness. Robertson (1995:34-35) sees the global as the linking of localities. Issues of music getting de-territorialised Other argument is that the original is getting lost in the wake of globalisation. Other sets of arguments which emerge from this view are : How do listeners identify music with a particular place? The evolution and geographic distribution of instruments, use of specific melodies or scales, and existence of common rhythms are some key characteristics that help define and limit the territorial range of a music. How common traits can provide telltale clues about where a form of music originated and how it spread? How can music retain its association with certain places in an increasingly global society? If these questions could be answered the music could be retained as intact. IDENTITIES: Music and its origin Other argument flows that in a globalised village, where is the identity of the music? Four basic positions are highlighted in the successive integration of both MUSIC and identities, from separation to fusion: demonizing exclusion, primitivist polarization, diversifying hybridization and normalizing assimilation. Lomax also states that due to the widespread distribution of industrialized music and the loss of music that exemplifies cultural aspects and characteristics, civilizations are not maintaining a sense of national pride and identity. Without these distinguishing lines, Schiller states that at one time it was cultural diversity that flourished, and now we are witnessing the diffusion of such a process, if such a process of cultural breakdown were to keep evolving, we would have to face a global consumer monoculture. AMERICANISATION: Westernisation or polarisation of music Another argument of the discourses on the globalisation of music is that the music which is going global is by and large Americanised. One of the major fears associated with the globalization of music is the creation of a global monoculture. Barlow investigates how the global monoculture has infiltrated every corner of the earth. He feels that North American corporate culture, including the music industry, is destroying local tradition, knowledge, skill, artisans and values. Specifically artisans have been affected through the fact that the product that they have tried to market has been outdated and overrun by the popstar garbage that has taken over the world and destroyed cultures. The premise of Barlows argument finds that this is corporate America is not only destroying traditions, but it is burying a cultures overall identity. As best said by Nawal Hassan, a Egyptian artisan activist, This is an issue of identity. All our civilizations has ceased to be spiritual. Our civilizati on has become commercial. (Barlow 2001) I came up with the view that People arguing over the loss of a nations cultural identity, the terror of westernization, and the reign of cultural imperialism. Through topics such as these we explore the possibilities or the existence of hybridization of cultures and values, and what some feel is the exploitation of their heritage. One important aspect that is not explored that such influences can also be more than just a burden and an overstepping of bounds. These factors can create an educational environment as well as a reaffirmation of ones own culture. With the music being the highly profitable, capitalist enterprise that it is today, it is no wonder that it is controlled and regulated by a few large conglomerates. COMMERCIALISATION: Consumerism of music Another issue of debate is that the transnational corporations are making money on music, whether the music is twisted or re-mixed. So it is a kind of threat on the originality of the music. Growth of a profitable and varied music services industry producing everything from remixes to music marketing strategies. Standing at the forefront of this growth industry are a large number of firms attempting to combine in innovative ways music and ICT. This can take a variety of forms, for instance: selling and distributing music over the internet; web design and computerised advertising services tailored to music products; software design focused on multimedia products and virtual instruments; high-tech post-production and mixing services; and virtual centres and communities of music industry actors. Brunnette in empirical studies of market concentration in music (1990, 1993),reports that seven corporations together controlled no less than 50 percent of market share in any country where they had operations and up to 80 percent in some countries (199:104-5).The seven corporations, with their nation of origin and reported 1990 sales, are:Sony (Japan, $3 billion), Time/Warner (U.S., $2.9 billion),Polygram(Netherlands/Germany, $2.6 billion), Bertelsmann Media Group (Germany, $2 billion),Thorn/EMI (U.K., $1.88 billion),MCA(U.S., $1 billion), and Virgin (U.K., $500 million), total 1990 sales $13.88 billion (1993, pp. 141-143).With no. such as these it is nearly impossible to deny the fact that these companies do not have a great affect on the influence of music and media that they distribute. Conglomerates not only run the market for music,but determine which music is to be distributed and to where, therefore pushing an idea or culture onto a nation. Seeing that westernization has beco me a industry term for many businesses it is surprising that recently much of the profit that has been received from music conglomerates has been non-U.S. artists. The contemporary music industry The making of music is not only a cultural and sociological process but an economic one. However, economic geography perhaps because of a lingering productivist bias has yet to undertake a serious appraisal of the dynamics of the music industry (see Sadler 1995). Trends of globalization, internal corporate restructuring and global-local relations are, however, as evident here as in other sectors. In 1992, the music industry generated worldwide sales of US$29 000 million, dominated by just five major global corporations: Warners, Bertlesmann Music Group, Polygram International Group, EMI-Virgin and Sony. Seventy per cent of world record sales were generated in just five national markets, each dominated by the majors which between them captured 73 per cent of sales in the USA (31 per cent of the global market), 60 pe cent of sales in Japan (15 per cent), 90 per cent of sales in Germany (9 per cent), 73 per cent of sales in the UK (7 per cent) and 87 per cent of sales in France (7 per c ent) (Monopolies and Mergers Commission 1994). (Leyshon. Mayshell, Revill: 427) Music and traditions? The music is a tradition? It is another issue of debate. Because there are other instances which suggest that sometimes the popular music of a place was against the traditions. In some cases, as with jazz, Greek rebetika, and the Argentine tango, the emergent popular music styles came from the colorful underworlds of urban taverns and brothels. As such styles grew in sophistication, they came to attract the interest of cultural nationalists and middle-class enthusiasts. Eventually these styles shed their less reputable origins and developed into dynamic national genres. Powne (1968:vii-viii) referred to a debased or Westernized music in Ethiopia, and Price (l930a; 16) to the slovenly and immoral music called jazz, which he regarded as crude, negroid in form and vulgar. Even the sensitive scholar Kunst referred to the partially Western-derived genre of Indonesian kroncong as a monotonous and characterless wail,listing it as one of the causes why the native is either dying away or dege nerating (ibid.) Some writers have indulged in a romantic zeal to save traditional music everywhere from the contamination that was often supposed to result from musical contact between the West and the non-West. Fryer (ibid., 482) laments cuts in musical education, For Fryer, the environment of pop is an anti-culture with universally commercialized African rhythm undermining the universal cultural standards of the classical wester canon. For Bunge, the new and global is to be celebrated because it is popular and young; Fryer (ibid, 482) chastises a resurrection by a professed radical of the discredited economic doctrine of consumer sovereignty. (Leyshon. Matless, Revill: 424) Caroline Bithell says, The world music marketplace opens up a new area of representation of a culture by its own participants, while the high density of recording in its turn stimulates an increased preoccupation within the culture with questions of musical identity, all of which provides fertile ground for ethnomusicological research. The ensuing detective work is aimed not at flushing out cases of inauthenticity, but at uncovering ever more pieces of a multi-dimensional jigsaw rich in unexpected meetings and happy accidents and documented in different ways by field recordings and commercial recordings alike. While some of the groups identify themselves completely with the notion of the tradition, regardless of what they are actually doing in practice, others are quite clear that they are simply doing what they want to do and resent the imposition of the spectre of tradition as a restrictive framework (e.g. Minicale interview 1994). They do not in any case view the tradition as some thing fixed this can only lead to ossificationbut as a continually evolving organic entity which needs to find contemporary forms of expression (e.g. Poli interview 1995). (Bithell: 61) They feel that they should not be held to ransom by the notion of tradition or More precisely by other peoples perception of their tradition. (They remain concerned, nonetheless, that they should be seen as being grounded in the tradition.) What is at stake is not what is done but the way in which the traditional label is appropriated. At the same time, the concept of tradition itself is clearly flexible and contested and does not necessarily imply either great age or superior status. (The alternative designation popular does not share this problem but, in the modern media age, creates new difficulties. It also fails to bestow a sufficiently elevated aura.) There is also a danger of idealising or romanticising the workings of the oral tradition where songs were passed down directly from one generatio n to the next. In reality, the process did not always run smoothly. Some older singers were jealous of their repertoire and reluctant to pass on their secrets to younger singers. In many places, singing remained the prerogative of the older men (Sarrocchi interview). The availability of commercial recordings means that some of these human difficulties can be by-passed and the younger generations of singers can empower themselves as and when they are ready to do so.( Bithell: 62) Globalisation of music J. Mc Gregor Wise : Music is a landscape in which people negotiate their identities. There is prevalent a view that the growing ease with which capital and commodities cross international boundaries will serve to erode and perhaps even obliterate that which might be considered local. This particular conviction invokes a range of starkly different political responses. On the one hand, there are high modernists like Anthony Giddens who foresee that individuals will be enabled increasingly to transcend the strictures of the local in order to participate in what is understood as the rather richer environs of a global community forged out of the communications revolution (Giddens 1991, pp. 1467; 1998, p. 36). On the other, there is a swelling band of critics who fear that globalisation entails simply the homogenisation of cultural practice and taste. These anxieties are captured best perhaps in the lucid polemic of Naomi Klein (2000). While the contention that trans-national forces are inexorably eroding that which is particular to given societies exercises considerable a ppeal, it has of course been challenged in various quarters. Some social scientists have sought to suggest that the process of globalisation will not in fact impose homogeneity but rather will illuminate and foster the local. This particular reading of contemporary social trends finds an especially keen illustration in a new book by Andy Bennett. In Popular Music and Youth Culture we encounter a distinctive conception of the ways in which the social world is experienced and understood. The author sets out to challenge the view that popular music constitutes a cultural text that has a meaning independent of its audience. Social actors are not Bennett insists mere cultural innocents who passively consume the wares of the music business. On the contrary, he argues, people are in fact reflexive agents who interpret and appropriate popular music in ways that are critical and creative. As a consequence, the meanings of musical texts should be acknowledged not as singular and given but r ather as plural and contested. The particular reading advanced within Popular Music and Youth Culture insists not only that social actors engage critically with popular music but that they do so principally in the context of the local. This is defined throughout the text not as a demarcated physical space but rather as a set of discourses. The specific discursive practices through which the local is called into being are, Bennett asserts, intimately associated with the production and consumption of popular music. Those musical texts that originate elsewhere are routinely read through sensibilities that emerge out of a specific understanding of place. These particular sensibilities are themselves, however, heavily influenced by exposure to musical texts that originate else- where. Looking at musicalised forms of social practice would seem to suggest, therefore, that the relationship of the global to the local is a complex one not of dominance but rather of dialogue. (See Willet : rev iew) African American musical adaptations formed the roots of blues, jazz, and other genres of modern music in the United States. But elsewhere in the Americas, especially in the Caribbean and Brazil, drums remained integral to the black musical tradition. In these areas, African music has mixed with both indigenous and non-African traditions to produce a variety of musical styles, including calypso and reggae. Further Andrew Leyshon, David Matless, George Revill, talk about universal and national music. Shepherd, the assumed fixed criteria against which all music can be judged are rooted in the musical languages of ruling groups privileging the classical over the popular and the masculine against the feminine. Such cultural distinctions were brought to bear both within and beyond thewest.n Leppert and McClary (1987, xviii) show how such formulations have legitimized western sophistication and complexity against the primitive and suggest that ethnomusicological questioning of music and society has been acceptable only when applied to other cultures: recognizing that other musics are bound up with social values does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that our music likewise might be: more often it simply results in the chauvinistic, ideological reaffirmation of the superiority of Western art, which is still widely held to be autonomous.